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Microbiology > Helminths > Flashcards

Helminths Flashcards

1
Q

Three groups of Helminths

A

Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Nematodes (Roundworms)
Trematodes (Flukes)

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2
Q

Characteristics of Helminths

A

-Can be male/female or hermaphroditic
-Primary site of infestation is the intestinal tract: take nutrients, dispose wastes and cause blockages
-Multicellular and have complex life cycles
-Can be serious if disseminated and spread to vital organs
-Classified by egg, larva and adult stages
-Have well-developed organ systems and are active feeders

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3
Q

Mode of transmission

A

-Transmission through insect bite
-Transmission through direct skin penetration
-Transmission through ingestion of larvae from undercooked meats and fish
-Transmission through ingestion of eggs in faces
-Usually more common in areas that are unsanitary. Rare in US

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4
Q

Cestodes (Tapeworms) can be divided into

A

Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Echinicoccus granulosus
Diphyllobothrium Tatum

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5
Q

Features of Cestodes

A

-Long, Segmented and hermaphroditic flatworms
-No intestinal and body cavity.
-Ingest through cuticles and absorb nutrients through microvilli
-Segments are called proglottids and they contain male and female organs
-Fertilized eggs are in posterior end of worms so they can break off and pass in faeces

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6
Q

Taeniasis (General info)

A

Taenia solium: Pork
Taenia saginata: Cow
Both infect intestines. Have hooks and suckers in scolex that helps attach to intestinal wall
Larvae of both species develop into adult tapeworms in intestine

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7
Q

Taeniasis treatment

A

Praziquantel and Niclosamide (kills worms on contact)

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8
Q

Taeniasis diagnosis

A

Proglottids in stool

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9
Q

Taeniasis clinical symptoms

A

Hunger pains, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal symptoms, chronic indigestion or constipation

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10
Q

Cysticercosis is caused by what organisms

A

Taenia soli larvae

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11
Q

Clinical presentation of Taniea coli

A

-If infestation occurs in the eye, disrupted vision and detached retina may occur
-If infestation occurs in muscle, you might feel lumps under skin

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12
Q

Cystercosis mode of transmission

A

-Infection occurs when eggs enter the body through ingestion of feces.
-Develop into larvae and form cysts or cysticerci in brain or eyes

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13
Q

Neurocysticercosis clinical presentation

A

Lead to seizures, vomitting, headaches

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14
Q

Neurocysticercosis diagnosis

A

MRI scans, biopsies, CT scans

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15
Q

Neurocysticercosis Treatment

A

Surgery or Praziquantel and Albendazole

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16
Q

Condition where cysts form in the brain and spinal cord is called

A

Neurocysticercosis

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17
Q

Echinococcus granulosis

A

Dog Tapeworm

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18
Q

Echinococcus granulosis cysts infects…

A

Liver, lung, brain

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19
Q

Clinical symptoms of Echinococcus granulosis

A

Jaundice, Bile duct obstruction, Abdominal discomfort, Chest pain and Cough if cysts in lung rupture

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20
Q

Echinococcus granulosis diagnosis

A

Chest x-ray, MRI, CT scan, Ultrasound, Eosinophilia, Biopsy of infected tissue, Serological tests (IHA) and ELISA

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21
Q

Echinococcus granulosis is transmitted by

A

Ingesting dog feces. If cysts ruptures, an anaphylactic reaction can occur to the worms Ags

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22
Q

Diphyllobothriasis

A

Fish Tapeworm, long

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23
Q

Diphyllobothriasis is transmitted by

A

Ingesting larvae from undercooked freshwater fish. Crustaceans are intermediate host

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24
Q

Diphyllobothriasis symptoms

A

-Most individuals are asymptomatic. However abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, numbness in fingers and toes, fatigue
-Megaloblastic anemia due to uptake of B12 by the worm
-Eosinophilia in early stages

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25
Q

Diphyllobothriasis diagnosis

A

Detection of eggs in stool

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26
Q

Diphyllobothriasis treatment

A

Niciosamide

27
Q

Trematodes

A

Flukes

28
Q

Trematodes features

A

Most are hermaphroditic except blood flukes (Schistos)
Leaf-like worm, small
Snails are intermediate hosts
Infects various organs of human host depending on species

29
Q

Paragonimus Westermani

A

Lung fluke

30
Q

Paragonimus Westermani is transmitted by

A

Eating undercooked crabs or crayfish

31
Q

Paragonimus Westermani symptoms

A

Dry cough, Pulmonary effusion, Bronchioestasis, Pulmonary fibrosis, Rust colored sputum, Chest pain, Dyspnea

32
Q

Paragonimus Westermani Treatment

A

Praziquantel: Paralysis or causes spasms in worms

33
Q

Paragonimus Westermani Diagnosis

A

CBC reveals eosinophilia in 10-30% of individuals
Eggs in stool
Serological tests like ELISA

34
Q

Clonorchiasis

A

Oriental liver fluke

35
Q

Clonorchiasis is caused by

A

Ingesting uncooked or pickled freshwater fish

36
Q

Clonorchiasis symptoms

A

Pancreatitis, Carcinoma, Diarrhea, Nausea and Vomitting

37
Q

Clonorchiasis affects

A

Biliary tract. Inflammation leads to hyperplasia and fibrosis

38
Q

Clonorchiasis diagnosis and treatment

A

Stool analysis and Plaziquantel

39
Q

Schistomiasis (New world)

A

North America, South America, Central America

40
Q

Schistomiasis are

A

Blood flukes that have one intermediate host (snail) and distinct separate sexes

41
Q

Schistomiasis cercariae transmission

A

Through direct contact by swimming in contaminated rivers and lakes

42
Q

Schistomiasis primary site of infection is

A

The intestine for S.mansori and S.japonicum

43
Q

Schistomiasis secrete

A

Proteolytic enzymes that damage tissues

44
Q

Schistomiasis clinical presentation

A

GI Bleeding, Liver damage and Diarrhea

45
Q

Schistomiasis diagnosis and treatment

A

Eggs in stool and praziquantel

46
Q

Schistomiasis (Old World)

A

Africa, Asia and Europe. Most prevalent in sub-saharan Africa. Very serious pathology

47
Q

Schistomiasis haematobium primary infection

A

Urinary bladder

48
Q

Schistomiasis haematobium transmission

A

Skin penetration from swimming in contaminated water

49
Q

Schistomiasis haematobium clinical presentation

A

Fibrosis and Granulomas

50
Q

Schistomiasis haematobium diagnosis

A

Eggs in urine/urinary bladder

51
Q

Schistomiasis haematobium treatment

A

Praziquantel

52
Q

Nematodes

A

-Roundworms, non-segmented and elongated
-Have digestive systems with mouth, intestine and anus
-Taper at both ends of worms
-Have separate sexes
-Can invade the liver, intestine, kidney, eyes, and subcutaneous tissue
-Categorized by whether or not they infect intestinal tissue

53
Q

Nematodes mode of transmission

A

-Insect bite
-Direct penetration by infectious larvae
-Ingestion of undercooked pork
-Ingestion of contaminate soil

54
Q

Enterobiasis vermicularis

A

Most common helminthic infection in the US

55
Q

Enterobiasis vermicularis mode of transmission

A

Fecal-oral transmission through toys and clothing. Most people are asymptomatic

56
Q

Enterobiasis vermicularis clinical manifestation

A

itching and restlessness at night

57
Q

Enterobiasis vermicularis diagnosis

A

Examining peri-anal region
Scotch tape test for 3 consecutive days before washing
Analyzing under fingernails

58
Q

Enterobiasis vermicularis treatment

A

Mebendazole or Pyrantel Pamoate

59
Q

Ascariasis lumbricoides

A

Giant roundworm. Second only to pinworms

60
Q

Ascariasis lumbricoides transmission

A

Ingestion of soil contaminated with human feces

61
Q

Ascariasis lumbricoides clinical presentation

A

-Can migrate through body
-Cause abdominal pain, difficulty sleeping and restlessness
-Heavy infestations can lead to blockage of the small intestines, inhibit growth in children

62
Q

Ascariasis lumbricoides diagnosis

A

Eggs in stool

63
Q

Ascariasis lumbricoides treatment

A

Mebendaozole and Pyrantel Pamoate

64
Q

Trichinellossi

A

Microbiology (2 decks)

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