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Helminths Flashcards

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1
Q

Three groups of Helminths

A

Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Nematodes (Roundworms)
Trematodes (Flukes)

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2
Q

Characteristics of Helminths

A

-Can be male/female or hermaphroditic
-Primary site of infestation is the intestinal tract: take nutrients, dispose wastes and cause blockages
-Multicellular and have complex life cycles
-Can be serious if disseminated and spread to vital organs
-Classified by egg, larva and adult stages
-Have well-developed organ systems and are active feeders

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3
Q

Mode of transmission

A

-Transmission through insect bite
-Transmission through direct skin penetration
-Transmission through ingestion of larvae from undercooked meats and fish
-Transmission through ingestion of eggs in faces
-Usually more common in areas that are unsanitary. Rare in US

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4
Q

Cestodes (Tapeworms) can be divided into

A

Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Echinicoccus granulosus
Diphyllobothrium Tatum

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5
Q

Features of Cestodes

A

-Long, Segmented and hermaphroditic flatworms
-No intestinal and body cavity.
-Ingest through cuticles and absorb nutrients through microvilli
-Segments are called proglottids and they contain male and female organs
-Fertilized eggs are in posterior end of worms so they can break off and pass in faeces

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6
Q

Taeniasis (General info)

A

Taenia solium: Pork
Taenia saginata: Cow
Both infect intestines. Have hooks and suckers in scolex that helps attach to intestinal wall
Larvae of both species develop into adult tapeworms in intestine

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7
Q

Taeniasis treatment

A

Praziquantel and Niclosamide (kills worms on contact)

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8
Q

Taeniasis diagnosis

A

Proglottids in stool

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9
Q

Taeniasis clinical symptoms

A

Hunger pains, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal symptoms, chronic indigestion or constipation

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10
Q

Cysticercosis is caused by what organisms

A

Taenia soli larvae

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11
Q

Clinical presentation of Taniea coli

A

-If infestation occurs in the eye, disrupted vision and detached retina may occur
-If infestation occurs in muscle, you might feel lumps under skin

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12
Q

Cystercosis mode of transmission

A

-Infection occurs when eggs enter the body through ingestion of feces.
-Develop into larvae and form cysts or cysticerci in brain or eyes

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13
Q

Neurocysticercosis clinical presentation

A

Lead to seizures, vomitting, headaches

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14
Q

Neurocysticercosis diagnosis

A

MRI scans, biopsies, CT scans

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15
Q

Neurocysticercosis Treatment

A

Surgery or Praziquantel and Albendazole

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16
Q

Condition where cysts form in the brain and spinal cord is called

A

Neurocysticercosis

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17
Q

Echinococcus granulosis

A

Dog Tapeworm

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18
Q

Echinococcus granulosis cysts infects…

A

Liver, lung, brain

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19
Q

Clinical symptoms of Echinococcus granulosis

A

Jaundice, Bile duct obstruction, Abdominal discomfort, Chest pain and Cough if cysts in lung rupture

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20
Q

Echinococcus granulosis diagnosis

A

Chest x-ray, MRI, CT scan, Ultrasound, Eosinophilia, Biopsy of infected tissue, Serological tests (IHA) and ELISA

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21
Q

Echinococcus granulosis is transmitted by

A

Ingesting dog feces. If cysts ruptures, an anaphylactic reaction can occur to the worms Ags

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22
Q

Diphyllobothriasis

A

Fish Tapeworm, long

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23
Q

Diphyllobothriasis is transmitted by

A

Ingesting larvae from undercooked freshwater fish. Crustaceans are intermediate host

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24
Q

Diphyllobothriasis symptoms

A

-Most individuals are asymptomatic. However abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, numbness in fingers and toes, fatigue
-Megaloblastic anemia due to uptake of B12 by the worm
-Eosinophilia in early stages

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25
Diphyllobothriasis diagnosis
Detection of eggs in stool
26
Diphyllobothriasis treatment
Niciosamide
27
Trematodes
Flukes
28
Trematodes features
Most are hermaphroditic except blood flukes (Schistos) Leaf-like worm, small Snails are intermediate hosts Infects various organs of human host depending on species
29
Paragonimus Westermani
Lung fluke
30
Paragonimus Westermani is transmitted by
Eating undercooked crabs or crayfish
31
Paragonimus Westermani symptoms
Dry cough, Pulmonary effusion, Bronchioestasis, Pulmonary fibrosis, Rust colored sputum, Chest pain, Dyspnea
32
Paragonimus Westermani Treatment
Praziquantel: Paralysis or causes spasms in worms
33
Paragonimus Westermani Diagnosis
CBC reveals eosinophilia in 10-30% of individuals Eggs in stool Serological tests like ELISA
34
Clonorchiasis
Oriental liver fluke
35
Clonorchiasis is caused by
Ingesting uncooked or pickled freshwater fish
36
Clonorchiasis symptoms
Pancreatitis, Carcinoma, Diarrhea, Nausea and Vomitting
37
Clonorchiasis affects
Biliary tract. Inflammation leads to hyperplasia and fibrosis
38
Clonorchiasis diagnosis and treatment
Stool analysis and Plaziquantel
39
Schistomiasis (New world)
North America, South America, Central America
40
Schistomiasis are
Blood flukes that have one intermediate host (snail) and distinct separate sexes
41
Schistomiasis cercariae transmission
Through direct contact by swimming in contaminated rivers and lakes
42
Schistomiasis primary site of infection is
The intestine for S.mansori and S.japonicum
43
Schistomiasis secrete
Proteolytic enzymes that damage tissues
44
Schistomiasis clinical presentation
GI Bleeding, Liver damage and Diarrhea
45
Schistomiasis diagnosis and treatment
Eggs in stool and praziquantel
46
Schistomiasis (Old World)
Africa, Asia and Europe. Most prevalent in sub-saharan Africa. Very serious pathology
47
Schistomiasis haematobium primary infection
Urinary bladder
48
Schistomiasis haematobium transmission
Skin penetration from swimming in contaminated water
49
Schistomiasis haematobium clinical presentation
Fibrosis and Granulomas
50
Schistomiasis haematobium diagnosis
Eggs in urine/urinary bladder
51
Schistomiasis haematobium treatment
Praziquantel
52
Nematodes
-Roundworms, non-segmented and elongated -Have digestive systems with mouth, intestine and anus -Taper at both ends of worms -Have separate sexes -Can invade the liver, intestine, kidney, eyes, and subcutaneous tissue -Categorized by whether or not they infect intestinal tissue
53
Nematodes mode of transmission
-Insect bite -Direct penetration by infectious larvae -Ingestion of undercooked pork -Ingestion of contaminate soil
54
Enterobiasis vermicularis
Most common helminthic infection in the US
55
Enterobiasis vermicularis mode of transmission
Fecal-oral transmission through toys and clothing. Most people are asymptomatic
56
Enterobiasis vermicularis clinical manifestation
itching and restlessness at night
57
Enterobiasis vermicularis diagnosis
Examining peri-anal region Scotch tape test for 3 consecutive days before washing Analyzing under fingernails
58
Enterobiasis vermicularis treatment
Mebendazole or Pyrantel Pamoate
59
Ascariasis lumbricoides
Giant roundworm. Second only to pinworms
60
Ascariasis lumbricoides transmission
Ingestion of soil contaminated with human feces
61
Ascariasis lumbricoides clinical presentation
-Can migrate through body -Cause abdominal pain, difficulty sleeping and restlessness -Heavy infestations can lead to blockage of the small intestines, inhibit growth in children
62
Ascariasis lumbricoides diagnosis
Eggs in stool
63
Ascariasis lumbricoides treatment
Mebendaozole and Pyrantel Pamoate
64
Trichinellossi

Microbiology (2 decks)

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