Hematology and Clotting Flashcards Preview

NUR 947 > Hematology and Clotting > Flashcards

Flashcards in Hematology and Clotting Deck (63)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Primarily endothelial cells - allows for easy diffusion of ions, separates the blood from thrombotic material underneath, composed of smooth muscle and some connective tissue.

A

Intima/interna

2
Q

collagen and thrombonectin found here; coagulation cascade will be triggered if exposed.

A

media/subendothelial

3
Q

two substances important in the anchoring of platelets

A

collagen and thrombonectin

4
Q

layer under the influence of vasoactive mediators; primarily produced by endothelial cells but also influenced by NE, and epi from SNS

A

adventitia/externa

5
Q

endothelial cells synthesize and secrete what

A

procoagulants
anticoagulants
fibrinolytics

6
Q

this initiates the clotting cascade

A

tissue factor

7
Q

this adheres platelets to subendothelial layer

A

vWF

8
Q

aids in the suppression of coagulation

A

tissue factor pathway inhibitor

9
Q

pathway of nitric oxide to relaxation

A
endothelial cell
L-arginine
cNOS (+Ca)
NO  ----> smooth muscle cell
NO
guanylyl cyclase
guanosine triphosphate 
cGMP
relaxation
10
Q

substances released from endothelial cells that result in vasodilation (inhibit coagulation)

A

nitric oxide and prostacyclin (mostly in the tunica adventitia and externa)

11
Q

substances released from platelets resulting in vasoconstriction and aids in coagulation

A

thromboxane A2 and ADP (mostly in the tunica adventitia and externa)

12
Q

platelets are formed here

A

megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

13
Q

life cycle of typical platelet

A

8-12 days

14
Q

normal platelet value

A

150,000-300,000

15
Q

platelets produce this which activates other platelets

A

thrombin

16
Q

number of platelets used daily to patch micro injuries

A

7000

17
Q

platelets contain alpha granules that store

A
vWF
fibrinogen
fibronectin
platelet factor 4 
platelet growth factor
18
Q

plalets contain dense granules that store these nonproteins

A
serotonin
ADP
ATP
histamine
epi
19
Q

first step of primary/basic clot formation

A

vessel wall contraction

20
Q

vessel wall contraction mediated by which two substances in addition to autonomic reflexes

A

thromboxane A2

ADP

21
Q

stage characterized by vWF emerging from endothelial cell and attaching to gpIb receptors on the platelet surface

A

adhesion

22
Q

platelets can attach straight to collagen through glycoprotein 1A2A receptors

A

low shear states

23
Q

these states require vWF to attach platelet to collagen

A

high shear states (arterial flow)

24
Q

binding to vWF initiates this signaling during activation (conformational change to activated form)

A

“outside in” that activates phospholipase C

25
Q

these substances activate GPCR to activate phospholipase C

A

tissue factor
thrombin
ADP
thromboxane A2

26
Q

these substances are responsible for change of platelet shape

A

phospholipase C and calcium

27
Q

phospholipase C stimulates the release of these

A

alpha and dense granules
thrombin
thromboxane A2
other coags

28
Q

fibrinogen/fibrin receptors

A

GpIIb and GpIIIa

29
Q

GpIIb and GpIIIa receptors on platelet surface change shape and link platelets together with fibrinogen/fibrin to form initial plug

A

aggegration

30
Q

activated phospholipase C nitiates this signaling that stimulates the change in GpIIb and GpIIIa receotrs

A

inside out

31
Q

factor I

A

fibrinogen

32
Q

factor II

A

prothrombin

33
Q

factor III

A

tissue thromboplastin

34
Q

factor IV

A

calcium

35
Q

factor V

A

proaccelerin

36
Q

factor VII

A

proconvertin

37
Q

factor VIII

A

antihemophilic factor

38
Q

factor IX

A

plasma thromboplastin component; Christmas factor

39
Q

factor X

A

stuart-prower factor

40
Q

factor XI

A

plasma thromboplastin antecedent

41
Q

factor XII

A

Hageman factor

42
Q

factor XIII

A

fibrin stabilizing factor

43
Q

this factor circulates in the plasma attaced to vWF

A

antihemophilic (VIII)

created in the liver and endothelial cells

44
Q

tissue factor (factor III) is created here

A

vascular wall

45
Q

factor IV is obtained here

A

diet

46
Q

these factors are all vitamin K dependent

A

2, 7, 9, 10

deficiencies may lead to increased prothrombin time and paritial thromboplastin time

47
Q

extrensic pathway

A

3, 7

48
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

12, 11, 9, 8

49
Q

common pathway

A

10, 5, 2, 1, 13

50
Q

extrensic pathway triggered by this

A

damage outside the vessel

51
Q

this limits the release of factor III immediately

A

tissue factor pathway inhibitor

52
Q

the intrinsic pathway is triggered by this

A

damage within the vessel

53
Q

intrinsic pathway initiated by these substances

A

prekallikrein
HMWK
activation of Hageman (XII)

54
Q

___ creates a domino effect of factors activating one another

A

calcium

55
Q

both pathways merge here

A

X

56
Q

common pathway begins with activation of this factor

A

X or stuart prower

57
Q

X forms complex with which factor

A

V

58
Q

calcium aids in the activation of __ to ___

A

II into IIa

59
Q

IIa activates ___ to ___

A

I to Ia

60
Q

stable clot is formed with a cross-linking of mesh with the help of this factor

A

XIII

61
Q

thrombin is responsible for which events in the cascade

A
1. activation of factors
V
VIII
I
XIII
62
Q

thrombin is responsible for which events in the cascade

A
  1. recruits more platelets to site of injury
63
Q

thrombin is responsible for which events in the cascade

A
  1. serves as anticoagulant
    - releases tissue plasminogen activator from endothelial cells
    - stimulate protein C and S production
    - signals antithrombin III to interfere with coagulation