Heme 3 Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Where do Leukocytes Differentiate and Proliferate?
A
BM
2
Q
What Differentiates and Proliferates in the Thymus?
A
T-lymphocytes
3
Q
What do Leukocytes develop from?
A
Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells
4
Q
What is the normal Leukocyte Range for Newborns?
A
9-30 x 10^3
5
Q
What is the normal Leukocyte Range for Children?
A
4.5-18 x 10^3
6
Q
What is the normal Leukocyte range for adults?
A
4.5-11 x 10^3
7
Q
What is the normal Absolute range for Neutrophils for adults?
A
1.8-7.0 x 10^3
8
Q
What is the normal Relative range for Neutrophils for adults?
A
40-80%
9
Q
The morphological stages for Neutrophils
A
- Myeloblast
- Promyelocyte
- Myelocyte
- Metamyelocyte
- Band Neutrophil
- Segmented Neutrophil
10
Q
What stage can the Golgi Apparatus be seen?
A
Myeloblast
11
Q
What stage do the Primary Granules of Neutrophil become prominent?
A
Promyelocyte
12
Q
What is the Neutrophil’s last stage capable of mitosis?
A
Myelocyte
13
Q
What stage for Neutrophils do the secondary granules start being produced?
A
Myelocyte
14
Q
When do Neutrophil’s primary granules lose visibility?
A
Metamyelocyte
15
Q
What stage of a Neutrophil can Barr bodies be seen?
A
Segmented Neutrophil
16
Q
What are Neutrophil’s primary granules also called?
A
Azurophilic Granules
Non-Specific granules
17
Q
Contents of Neutrophils’s Primary granules?
A
Cytotoxic compounds
Myeloperoxidase
(all encased in phospholipid membrane)
18
Q
What are Neutrophil’s Secondary granules also called?
A
Specific granules
19
Q
What are the content of Secondary Granules of Neutrophils?
A
Pro-Inflammatory
Chemotatic factors
**NO peroxidase
(encased in phospholipid membrane)
20
Q
What WBC is one of the 1st responders to inflammation?
A
Neutrophils
21
Q
What are the 4 steps of Neutrohils?
A
Adherence
Migration
Phagocytosis
Bacterial killing
22
Q
What activates Adherence in Neutrohils
A
Inflammatory cytokines
23
Q
What is diapedesis
A
Cells squeezes through endothelial cells into tissues
24
Q
What is chemotaxis
A
Cells following cytokines to the site of infection once in the tissues
25
Myeloblast
26
Lymphoblast
27
Monoblast
28
Promyelocyte
29
Promonocyte
30
Prolymphocyte
31
Early myelocyte
32
Late Myelocyte
33
Eo myelocyte
34
Baso myelocyte
35
metamyelocyte
36
Metamyelocyte
37
Eo metamyelocyte
38
Steps in Neutrophil phagocytosis
1. Recognition of pathogen enhanced by opsonization
2. Pseudopods surround and internalize organism
3. Fusion of granules/lysosomes
4. Organism is murdred
39
What is ROS catalyzed by?
MPO
*contained in the primary granules
40
What is produced from the ROS?
Hypochlorous acid
41
What is the Absolute Eosinophil count in adults and children?
Children- 0.0-0.7
Adults- 0.0-0.4
42
What is the Relative Eosinophil % in adults and children
0-5%
43
What are the 6 stages of Eosinophil maturation?
1. Myeloblast
2. Promyelocyte
3. Eosinophilic myelocyte
4. Eosinophilic metamyelocyte
5. Eosinophilic band
6. Eosinophil
44
What stage is the first recognizable stage for an Eosinophil
Eosinophilic myelocyte
45
What does the eosinophilic granules contain
proinflammatory cytokines
46
What are the functions of Eosinophils
Degranulation in allergies and parasitic worms
Phagocytosis
47
What is the absolute Basophil count in children and adults
Children- 0.0-0.3
Adults- 0.0-0.2
48
What is the Relative Basophil % in children and adults
0-1%
49
What are the 6 stages of Basophilic maturation
1. Myeloblast
2. Promyelocyte
3. Basophilic myelocyte
4. Basophilic metamyelocyte
5. Basophilic band
6. Basophil
50
What do the granules in Basophils contain
Histamine
Tryptase
Heparin
51
What does histamine do
Vasodilation
Increase vascular permeability
52
What is tryptase
An inflammatory enzyme
53
What is heparin
An anticoagulant
54
What binds to Mast cells to mediate allergies
IgE
55
What happens when IgE binds to Ag
Degranulation of the mast cell
56
Degranulation of Mast cell causes
Immediate hypersensitivity reaction
57
What occurs bc of the hypersensitivity reaction from mast cells
allergic rhinitis
asthma
urticaria (hives)
anaphlyaxis
58
What is the absolute Monocyte range for children and adults
Children- 0.4-1.4
Adults- 0.1-0.8
59
What is the relative Monocyte % in children and adults
2-10%
60
What cell produces Monocytes
Bipotential progenitor cell (CFU-GM)
61
What are the 3 stages in Monocyte maturation
1. Monoblast
2. Promonocyte
3. Monocyte
62
What is a monocyte called once it is in the tissues
Macrophage (aka histiocytes)
63
What is the role of macrophages in Innate immunity
Phagocytic scavengers
-clean up: cellular debris, denatured proteins, aged RBCs
64
What is the role of macrophages in Acquired immunity
Professional antigen presenting cell
65
How does macrophage present an Ag
Via MHC-II to Helper T-cells
66
What do cytokines from macrophages do
Stimulate hematopoiesis
Chemotactic factors for more immune cells
67
What are the professional APC
Macrophage
B-Cell
Dendritic
68
How do nucleated cells present Ag to Cytotoxic T-cells
MHC-I
69
What are the absolute Lymphocyte count for children and adults
Children- 2.0-8.8
Adults- 1.0-4.8
70
What is the relative Lymphocyte % for children and adults
Children- 50-65%
Adults- 25-35%
71
Where are 95% of all lymphs found?
Lymph nodes
spleen
72
What can lymphocytes develop into
memory cells
73
What do memory cells do upon re-activation
Proliferate
74
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
Natural Killer cells
75
Ag-Independent T and B cells do what?
Become immunocompetent
Do not interact with Ag
Are considered naive
Exit primary lymphoid tissues
Migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues
76
What do T and B cells do once in 2nd lymphoid tissues
Proliferate
Perform their unique role or become memory cells
Mediate the acquired immune response
77
What are the roles of the Cytotoxic T cells
Recognize Ag presented from MHC I
Induce those cells to undergo apoptosis
78
What is the role of Helper T Cells
Recognize Ag presented from MHC II
Proliferate and activate acquired immunity
79
What does Helper T cell do to B cell
Stimulate to become Ab producing plasma cell
80
How do B Cells function in Humoral immunity
Become plasma cells
produce Ag specific Ab
Neutralize or opsonize the Ag
81
How are Natural Killer Cells different than Cytotoxic T Cells
Do not require an Ag
Major component of the innate immune system
82
What are the stages of Lymphocyte maturation
Lymphoblast
Prolymphocyte
Lymphocyte
83
What is prominent in a Prolymphocyte
Nucleolus
84
What is seen in the cytoplasm of a plasma cell
Golgi apparatus
85
What are the associated conditions with neutrophilia
Bacterial infection
Tissue necrosis/inflammation
Leukemoid reaction
86
What happens in immediate neutrophilia
marginating neutrophils temporarily release and freely circulate
87
What can cause immediate neutrophilia
exercise
epinephrine
anesthesia
88
When does Acute neutrophilia set in
4-5 hours after pathologic stimulus
89
What can be increased in acute neutrophilia
bands
metas
myelos
90
What is released when tissue damage occurs
chemotactic factors
91
What is tissue necrosis/inflammation caused by
RA
Tissue infarctions
Burns
Trauma
92
What is leukemoid reaction
An extreme neutrophilic reaction caused by severe infection or necrosis
93
What does the WBC count exceed in leukemoid reaction
50 X 10^3/uL
94
What can cause neutropenia
Severe infections
Aplastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Chemotherapy
Hereditary
95
What are the Neutrophil nuclear abnormalities
Hyper segmentation
Apoptotic nucleus
Pelger Huet anomaly
96
What correlates with hyper segmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia
97
What is apoptotic nucleus also known as
Necrobiotic
pyknotic
98
What is Pelger Huet anomaly
Hereditary hypo segmentation
Look like dumbbells
99
What are the neutrophilic cytoplasmic abnormalities
Toxic granulation
dohle bodies
vacuoles
intracellular organisms
100
What does Toxic granulation indicative of
Infection
101
What is often seen with toxic granulation
dohle bodies
102
What are dohle bodies composed of
rough endoplasmic reticulum
103
What are dohle bodies indicative of
severe infections
104
Dohl bodies
105
What are the inherited neutrophil abnormalities
Alder-Reilly
Chediak-Higashi
May-Hegglin
Chronic granulomatous disease
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
106
What causes Alder-Reilly anomaly
A buildup of mucopolysaccharides
107
How does Alder-Reilly cells appear
Abnormal granules that are large, dense and lilac colored
108
Alder-Reilly anomaly
109
What is the patient outcome for Alder-Reilly anomaly
Progressive mental retardation and organ failure
Death by 10
110
What is Chediak-Higashi a disorder of
Phagocytosis
111
What is happening in Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Abnormal fusion of primary and secondary granules which prevents the release of cytotoxic contents
112
What syndrome has patients that exhibit albinism
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
113
Chediak-Higashi
114
What neutrophil disorder causes issues with bleeding
May-Hegglin anomaly
115
What is May-Hegglin associated with
Leukopenia
Giant platelets
thrombocytopenia
116
What is in the granulocytes of a patient with May-Hegglin
Dohle bodies
117
What is defective in chronic granulomatous disease
respiratory burst
118
What disorder has the respiratory burst it is just not as effective
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
119
What are the qualitative Monocyte disorders
Gaucher disease
Niemann-Pick disease
Systemic Lupus erythematosus
120
What is monocytosis caused by
Chronic infections
Inflammatory and immune disorders
Compensation for neutropenia
121
What is deficient in Gaucher Disease
glucocerebrosidase
122
Where do lipids accumulate in Gaucher disease
Spleen
Liver
BM
123
How are Gaucher Disease cells described as
tissue-paper like cytoplasm
124
What is deficient in Niemann-Pick disease
sphingomyelinase
125
What Monocyte disorder is fatal by 3 years old
Niemann-Pick
126
What disorder has cells described as foamy
Niemann-Pick
127
LE cell
128
What is rarely accompanied by leukocytosis
Lmyphocytosis
129
Exceptions to lymphs and WBC being elevated are
Mono
Cytomegalovirus
Bordetella pertusis
130
What is Mono
Viral infection of B cells by Epstein-Barr virus
131
What does mono cause
benign, self limiting proliferation of B cells
132
Symptoms of Mono
Fever
Pharyngitis
Swollen lymph nodes
Hepatosplenomegaly
133
In mono, what type of lymph is seen in the peripheral blood
T cells
134
What do T cell do in mono
eliminate virally infected cells
135
What is mono thought to be associated with
Burkitt's lymphoma
136
What lymphocyte disorder is cogenital
Cytomegalovirus
137
Symptoms of Cytomegalovirus
Jaundice
Microcephaly
Hemolytic anemia
138
How does someone get cytomegalovirus
Acquired:
Transplant recipients
Blood transfusions
Close contact in healthy individuals
139
When does HIV switch to AIDS
T helper count is <0.2 x 10^3
