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Usmle > High Yields First Aid KEY ASSOCIATIONS > Flashcards

High Yields First Aid KEY ASSOCIATIONS Flashcards

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0
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer - raised ICP stimulated vagal gastric secretion

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1
Q

As/ Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to SCC

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns MC

A

Curling’s ulcer - greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa

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3
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon Dx

A

Skip lesions - Crohn’s disease

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4
Q

As/ Aneurysm, dissecting

A

As/w HTN

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5
Q

As/ Aortic aneurysms, abdominal and descending aorta

A

As/w atherosclerosis

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6
Q

As/ Aortic arch aneurysm

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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7
Q

As/ Ascending Aortic aneurysm

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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8
Q

As/ atrophy of mamillary bodies

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Wernicke’s encephalopathy - thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, confusion

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9
Q

As/ autosplenectomy (fibrosis + shrinkage)

A

sickle cell anaemia (haemoglobin S)

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10
Q

As/ Bacteria associated with gastritis, PUD, and stomach cancer

A

H pylori

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11
Q

MC Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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12
Q

MC Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

GBS, Strep pneumo, neisseria meningitidis

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13
Q

AS/w Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (MC in first 2 decades)

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14
Q

As/ Bleeding disorder with Gp1b deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to vWF)

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15
Q

MC Brain tumour (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis>astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme)>meningioma>schwannoma

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16
Q

Brain tumour MC kids

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (Cb) or

Supratentorial: craniopharygioma (cerebrum)

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17
Q

MC Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (1 in 9 women –> breast cancer)

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18
Q

Breast mass MC

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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19
Q

MC breast tumour - benign

A

fibroadenoma

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20
Q

MC primary cardiac tumour (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma - often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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21
Q

MC cardiac tumour (adults)

A

Metastases, primary myoxoma (4:1 Left to Right atrium) ball and valve

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22
Q

As/ Cb tonsillar herniation

A

Chiairi malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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23
Q

MC chronic arrhythmia

A

AF (high risk of emboli)

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24
As/ chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
predisposition to gastric carcinoma and perniscious anaemia
25
As/ clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
26
MC compression fracture
Osteoporosis (Type 1: postmenopausal woman; Type 2: elderly man/woman)
27
As/ congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
28
MC congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
29
As/ congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (black liver)
Dubin Johnson syndrome - inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile
30
MCC Constrictive pericarditis
Developing world - Tuberculosis | Developed world - SLE
31
MC coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD>RCA>LCA
32
MCC Cretinism
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
33
As/ Cushing's syndrome
Iatrogenic cushings - corticosteroid Rx Adrenocortical adenoma - secretes excess cortisol ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma Paraneoplastic cushings - due to ACTH secretion by tumours
34
Early cyanosis MCC
Tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
35
Cyanosis late (more common) MCC
VSD, ASD, PDA
36
MC Death in CML
Blast crisis
37
MC death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
38
As/ dementia
Alzheimer's disease, multiple infarcts
39
Dx Demyelinaing disease in young women
MS
40
DIC as/
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
41
MC dietary deficit
Iron
42
Dx Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker's diverticulum (Dx with barium swallow)
43
MC ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
44
MC type of oesophageal cancer
Squamous (world wide) | Adeno (US)
45
MC food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S.aureus, B.cereus
46
MC glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
47
MC gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (MC in US), cervical carcinoma (MC worldwide)
48
MC congenital heart murmur
MVP
49
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis MC
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
50
MC Helminth infection (US)
Enterobius vermicularis, ascaris lumbricoides
51
As/ epidural haematoma
rupture of MMA, trauma; lentiform shaped
52
subdural hematoma MCC
rupture of bridging veins - crescent shaped
53
Hemachromatosis
ultiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, bronze diabetes, and Incr risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
54
As/ hepatocellular carcinoma
cirrhotic liver - as/w HBV, HCV, alcoholism
55
MC hereditary bleeding disorder
vwD
56
MC Heredtary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia)
57
As/ HLA-B27
Ank Spond, reiter's syndrome, UC, psoriasis
58
As/w HLADR3 or DR4
T1DM, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
59
As/ holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurg, mitral regurg
60
Definition: Virchow's triad
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
61
MC Secondary HTN
Renal disease
62
MC hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
63
MC infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
64
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staph aureus, E.coli, aspergillus (catalase positive)
65
Kidney stone types
Calcium- radioopaque Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) - urease positive organisms such as proteus vulgaris or staphylococcus) Uric acid - radiolucent
66
Late cyanotic shunt
uncorrected L-R shunt becomes R-L Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA) Results in pulmonary HTN, polycythaemia
67
MC liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
68
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher's disease - bruising, anaemia, easily fatigueable, low platelets, hepatosplenomegaly. Genetic deficiency of glucocerebrosidase
69
male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
70
Malignancy associated with noninfectoius fever MC
Hodgkin's lymphoma
71
Malignancy Kids (MC)
ALL, medulloblastoma (CB)
72
MC Mental retardation
Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome
73
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes
74
MC metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
75
MC metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
76
As/ mitochondrial inheritance
disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
77
As/ mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
78
Mixed UMN/LMN motor neuron disease As/
ALS
79
Myocarditis As/
Coxsackie B
80
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
81
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
minimal change disease
82
Neuron migration failure As/
Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia
83
As/ nosocomial pneumonia
klebsiella, E.coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa
84
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
85
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
86
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia
87
Osteomyelitis
S.aureus
88
Osteomyellitis in sickle cell disease
salmonella
89
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S.aureus
90
Ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenburg (mucin secreting signet ring cells)
91
Ovarian tumour (benign, bilateral) As
Serous cystadenoma
92
Ovarian tumour (malignant) As/
serous cystadenocarcinoma
93
Pancreatitis acute As/
Gallstones, alcohol
94
Pancreatitis chronic As/
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
95
MC cardiac manifestation of lupus
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
96
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child CLL: adult >60 AML: adult ~65 CML: adult 30-60
97
pelvic inflammatory disease MC
chalmydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoea
98
Philadelphia chromosome
t(9:22) bcr-abl | CML - may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML
99
Pituitary tumour
prolactnoma, somatotrophic "acidophilic" adenoma
100
Primary amenorrhoea as
Turner syndrome (45XO)
101
Primary bone tumour (adults) MC
Multiple myeloma
102
As/ primary hyperaldosteronism
adenoma of adrenal cortex
103
Primary hyperparathyroidism
adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
104
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, haemachromatosis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency)
105
Pulmonary HTN as/
COPD
106
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small-medium vessels in extremeties
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
107
Renal tumour As/
``` Renal cell carcinoma: as/w von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking Paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH) ```
108
Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause
cor pumonale
109
S3
protodiastolic gallop | incr ventricular filling (L-R shunt, MR, LV failure)
110
S4
presystolic gallop stiff/hypertrophied ventricle (AS, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
111
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (as/)
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney diseaes
112
STD
chlamydia (coinfected with gonorrhea)
113
SIADH as/
small cell carcinoma of the lung
114
Site of diverticula
sigmoid colon
115
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdo aorta> coronary artery > popliteal > carotid
116
Stomach cancer MC
Adenocarcinoma
117
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Z-E syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
118
t(14:18)
Follicular lymphoma | bcl-2 activation
119
t(8;14)
Burkitt's lymphoma | c-myc activation
120
t(9;22)
Philidelphia chromosome | CML bcr-abl fusion
121
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness d/t thrombosis of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
122
Testicular tumour MC
seminoma
123
Thyroid cancer MC
Papillary carcinoma
124
MC tumour in women
Leiomyoma (estrongen dependent, not precancerous)
125
Tumour of infancy MC
hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
126
Tumour of adrenal medulla (adults) MC
phaeochromocytoma - benign
127
MC tumour of adrenal medulla kids
Neuroblastoma - malignant
128
MC type of hodgkins dz
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
129
MC type of non-hodgkin's
diffuse large cell
130
UTI causes
E.coli, staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
131
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV1
132
Vitamin deficiency (US)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk - body stores only 3-4m supply; prevents neural tube defects)
133
MC acute haemorrhagic cystitis in children
Adenovirus - MCC acute haemorrhagic cystitis outbreaks in children - dysuria & haematuria
134
MC infantile gastroenteritis
Rotavirus - reovirus Predominant global cause of infantile gastroenteritis MC cause of fatal diarrhoea in children
135
Mumps manifestations
Mumps - parotitis, orchitis, and (rarely) aseptic meningitis
136
Type II polyglandular syndrome as/
Type II polyglandular syndrome AD, Age of onset mean 24 HLA DR3/DR4 Hashimoto, Addison's disease, T1DM
137
Type I Polyglandular syndrome
AR, mean age onset 12yo. No HLA relationship Addison's disease, Primary hypoparathyroidism, mucocutaneous candidiasis

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