Hindlimb Muscles Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
what is the origin of tensor fasciae latae?
A
ventral iliac spine and nearby gluteal fascia
2
Q
what is the insertion of tensor fasciae latae?
A
fascia lata
3
Q
what is the function of tensor fasciae latae?
A
tautens the gluteal fascia and fascia lata over the thigh
4
Q
what are the abductors of the dog hip?
A
superficial gluteal, middle gluteal, piriformis
5
Q
what is the secondary function of the abductors of the hindlimb?
A
secondary extensors of the hip (retractors of the limb)
6
Q
what is the origin of superficial gluteal?
A
lateral sacrum, Cd1, cranial half of sacrosciatic ligament
7
Q
what is the insertion of superficial gluteal (carnivores)?
A
greater trochanter
8
Q
where does superficial gluteal insert in horses?
A
3rd trochanter
9
Q
what is the function of superficial gluteal in horses?
A
hip flexor
10
Q
which is large, superficial, middle or deep gluteal?
A
middle gluteal
11
Q
where does the middle gluteal lie relative to superficial gluteal?
A
cranial
12
Q
what is the function of superficial gluteal (carnivores)?
A
abductor, secondary extensor of hip
13
Q
what is the origin of middle gluteal?
A
wing of ilium
14
Q
what is the insertion of middle gluteal?
A
greater trochanter
15
Q
what is the function of middle gluteal?
A
abductor, secondary hip extensor
16
Q
where does piriformis originate?
A
lateral sacrum, Cd1, cranial half of sacrosciatic ligament with superficial gluteal
17
Q
where does piriformis insert?
A
greater trochanter with middle gluteal
18
Q
what is the shape of piriformis?
A
spindle shaped with tiny distal tendon
19
Q
where does piriformis lie?
A
under dorsal part of MG
20
Q
what are the prime extensors of the hip?
A
biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, quadratus femoris
21
Q
what takes up much of the lateral view of the thigh?
A
biceps femoris
22
Q
how many insertions does biceps femoris have?
A
3
23
Q
what is the origin of biceps femoris?
A
caudal half of sacrosciatic ligament, sciatic tuberosity
24
Q
what are the insertions of biceps femoris?
A
laterally on distal femur via fascia lata. laterally on tibial crest. part of Achilles’ tendon to tube calcis
25
what muscle runs along the caudal edge of biceps?
tenuissimus
26
what is the function of tenuissimus?
flexes stifle along with caudal region of biceps femoris
27
what is the insertion of the cranial region of biceps femoris?
laterally on distal femur via fascia lata
28
what is the insertion of the caudal region of biceps femoris?
laterally on tibial crest
29
what is the function of the cranial region of biceps femoris?
hip extensor
30
what is the function of the caudal region of biceps femoris?
stifle flexor
31
what thick strap-like muscle is directly caudal to biceps femoris?
semitendinosus
32
what is the shape of semitendinosus?
thick, strap-like
33
what muscle is medial to semitendinosus, at proximal end of thigh?
semimembranosus
34
what is the origin of semimembranosus?
sciatic tuberosity and caudal part of ventral ischium
35
what are the insertions of semimembranosus?
distal medial rough line of femur and medial tibial condyle
36
what are the functions of semimembranosus?
hip extensor and stifle flexor but more medially than biceps femoris
37
what are the functions of biceps femoris?
hip extensor and stifle flexor
38
what is the insertion of the medial part of semimembranosus?
distal medial rough line of femur
39
what is the function of the medial part of semimembranosus?
hip extensor
40
what is the function of the lateral part of semimembranosus?
stifle flexor
41
what is the insertion of the lateral part of semimembranosus?
medial tibial condyle
42
where does quadratus femoris lie?
deep by the hip joint
43
what is the function of quadratus femoris?
hip extensor
44
what is the origin of quadratus femoris?
caudal part of ventral ischium
45
what is the insertion of quadratus femoris?
intertrochanteric ridge
46
what is the inward rotator of the hip?
deep gluteal
47
what is the function of deep gluteal?
inward rotation of hip
48
where does deep gluteal lie?
deep to superficial and middle gluteals
49
what is the origin of deep gluteal?
neck of ilium
50
what is the insertion of deep gluteal?
cranially on greater trochanter
51
what are the 3 deep outward rotators of the hip?
internal obturator, gemelli, external obturator
52
what do the outward hip rotators oppose the pull of?
deep gluteal
53
what is the function of internal obturator?
hip outward rotator
54
what is the function of gemelli?
hip outward rotator
55
what is the function of external obturator?
hip outward rotator
56
what is the origin of internal obturator?
rim of obturator foramen
57
what is the insertion of internal obturator?
on intertrochanteric fossa of femur
58
what direction does internal obturator run?
dorsolaterally to slip out of the pelvis as tendon over sciatic spine
59
where does gemelli lie?
sandwiched between external and internal obturator
60
what is the origin of gemelli?
ventral to sciatic spine
61
what is the insertion of gemelli?
on intertrochanteric fossa
62
what is the insertion of external obturator?
intertrochanteric fossa
63
what is the origin of external obturator?
rim of obturator foramen
64
which direction does external obturator run?
laterally beneath the pelvis
65
where do the hip adductors lie?
on the medial side
66
where does gracilis lie?
caudomedially on thigh
67
what is the function of the adductor muscle?
hip adductor
68
what is the shape of gracilis?
broad but thin
69
what is the origin of the adductor mucle?
ventral surface of pubis
70
what is the insertion of the adductor muscle?
lateral rough line of femur
71
where does pectineus lie?
cranial to adductor
72
what is the appearance of pectineus?
small spindle of muscle
73
what is the origin of pectineus?
iliopubic eminence
74
what is the insertion of pectineus?
distal medial rough line of femur
75
what is the function of pectineus?
hip adductor
76
what ligament does the horse have for anti abduction?
accessory ligament of hip
77
what are the adductor muscles?
adductor and pectineus
78
what is the most cranial muscle in the thigh?
cranial sartorius
79
what is the appearance of cranial sartorius?
strap-like
80
what is the origin of cranial sartorius?
iliac crest, cranial ventral iliac spine
81
what is the insertion of cranial sartorius?
via fascia lata, medially to distal femur and patella
82
what is the function of cranial sartorius?
secondary hip flexor
83
what is the prime hip flexor muscle?
iliopsoas
84
where does iliopsoas lie?
medial and very deep
85
how many origins does iliopsoas have?
2
86
how many insertions does iliopsoas have?
1
87
what are the origins of iliopsoas?
iliacus (ventral neck of ilium) and psoas major
88
what is psoas major?
transverse process of the last 4 lumbar vertebrae
89
what is the insertion of iliopsoas?
lesser trochanter
90
what are the hip flexors?
iliopsoas and cranial sartorius
91
what are the stifle flexors? (5)
biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, caudal sartorius
92
where do all 5 stifle flexors originate?
on the pelvis
93
what are all 5 stifle flexors?
polyarticular muscles
94
what is the origin of semitendinosus?
sciatic tuberosity
95
what are the hamstrings?
biceps femoris. semimembranosus, semitendinosus
96
what are the insertions of semitendinosus?
distally on medial tibial crest and part of Achilles tendon to tuber calcis
97
where does gracilis lie and what is its appearance?
large flat muscle, covers much of medial thigh
98
what is the origin of gracilis?
pelvic symphysis
99
what are the insertions of gracilis?
middle of medial tibial crest (between semitend. and caudal sartorius) and part of Achilles tendon to tuber calcis
100
where does caudal sartorius lie?
far cranially in the thigh
101
what is the origin of caudal sartorius?
cranial ventral iliac spine
102
what is the insertion of caudal sartorius?
proximally on medial tibial crest
103
which muscles make up the Achilles tendon?
gastrocnemius, SDF, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gracilis
104
what is the action of biceps femoris, semitendinosus and gracilis at the hock?
passively maintain a degree of extension in hock
105
what is the function of semitendinosus?
stifle flexion
106
what is the function of gracilis?
stifle flexion
107
what is the function of caudal sartorius?
stifle flexion
108
what is the prime stifle extensor?
quadriceps femoris
109
how many heads of origin does quadriceps femoris have?
4
110
how many tendons of insertion does quadriceps femoris have?
1
111
what is the tendon of insertion of quadriceps femoris commonly called?
short patellar ligament
112
what is the function of quadriceps femoris?
prime stifle extensor
113
what tendon contains the patella?
tendon of insertion of quadriceps femoris
114
what are the 4 heads of quadriceps femoris?
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
115
what is the origin of rectus femoris?
rounded eminence craniodorsal to acetabulum
116
where is the origin of vastus lateralis?
proximally on lateral rough line of femur
117
where is the origin of vastus intermedius?
proximally on cranial shaft of the femur
118
where is the origin of vastus medialis?
proximally on medial rough line
119
what is the insertion of quadriceps femoris?
tibial tuberosity
120
what is the stifle inward rotator?
popliteus
121
what is the function of popliteus?
resists outward rotation of stifle, inwardly rotates stifle, ensure femorocrural joint is optimally aligned
122
what causes the outward rotation that popliteus resists?
non-sagittal movement of hip, stifle and hock and asymmetry of large thigh muscles
123
what is the direction of the line of pull of popliteus?
oblique
124
what is in the tendon of origin of popliteus the dog?
sesamoid bone
125
what is the origin of popliteus?
fossa on lateral condyle of femur?
126
what is the insertion of popliteus?
medial side of caudal aspect of tibia
127
what are the caudal crus muscles?
gastrocnemius, SDF, DDF, capsular muscle of hock, popliteus
128
how many bellies does gastrocnemius have?
2
129
what tendon is the fabella found in?
tendon of origin of gastrocnemius
130
what does the gastrocnemius form?
caudal contour of the crus
131
what is the origin of gastrocnemius?
lateral and medial popliteal surface of femur
132
what is the insertion of gastrocnemius?
tuber calcis
133
what is SDF tightly adherent to in the hindlimb?
gastrocnemius
134
what is the origin of SDF in the hindlimb?
popliteal surface of femur deep to lateral head of gastrocnemius
135
what is the insertion of SDF in the hindlimb?
proximal plantar surface of P2 of all digits
136
what is the only part of Achilles tendon that doesn't insert on tuber calcis?
SDF
137
what route does SDF take?
spirals around medial side to emerge superficially at tuber calcis
138
where does DDF lie in the hindlimb?
deep in caudal crus
139
how many heads does DDF have in the hindlimb?
2
140
where doe the 2 heads of DDF join in the hindlimb?
in pes
141
what are the origins of DDF in the hindlimb?
medial popliteal surface of tibia via notch in medial malleolus, lateral popliteal surface of tibia + fibular shaft via tarsal canal
142
what are the insertions of DDF?
proximal plantar surface of P3 of all digits
143
what is the capsular muscle of the hock?
a tiny tendon of tiny vestigial head of DDF
144
where does the capsular muscle of the hock lie?
medial to tendon of medial DDF
145
what is the origin of the capsular muscle of the hock?
proximal fibula and adjacent caudal tibia
146
what is the insertion of the capsular muscle of the hock?
capsule of hock (especially medial aspect)
147
what covers the proximo-medial caudal tibia proximal to DDF?
triangular belly of popliteus
148
what is the tarsal canal?
canal medial to tuber calcis
149
what does the tarsal canal contain?
lateral tendon of DDF
150
what are the hock flexors in the dog?
cranial tibial, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
151
what is the largest and most important hock flexor in the dog?
cranial tibial
152
what forms the cranial contour of the crus in dogs?
cranial tibial
153
what is the origin of cranial tibial in the dog?
lateral side of tibial crest, muscular groove
154
what is the insertion of cranial tibial in the dog?
proximomedially on MT II
155
what are the cranial crus muscles in the dog?
cranial tibial, long digital extensor, fibularis longus, lateral digital extensor, fibularis brevis, short digital extensor
156
what is the common digital extensor in the dog hindlimb?
long digital extensor
157
where does long digital extensor in the hindlimb originate?
on femur
158
where does the proximal tendon of origin of LoDE in the hindlimb run?
trhough sharp notch on lateral side of tibial plateau, runs through tendon sheath
159
where does the distal tendon of insertion of LoDE in the hindlimb run past cranial hock?
under proximal and distal extensor retinacula
160
what is the origin of LoDE in the hindlimb?
fossa on lateral condyle of femur
161
what is the insertion of LoDE in the hindlimb?
extensor tubercles on P3 of all digits
162
what is the function of fibularis longus?
hock flexor, supports arch of the foot
163
what is the origin of fibularis longus?
proximal fibula and lateral tibial condyle
164
what is the insertion of fibularis longus?
plantar aspect of proximal ends of MT 2-4, via larger lateral groove in lateral malleolus
165
what is the function of LaDE in the hindlimb?
digital extensor
166
what is the shape of LaDE in the hindlimb?
spindly
167
where does LaDE lie in the hindlimb?
caudal to fibularis longus
168
what does cutting LaDE reveal in the horse hindlimb?
stringhalt- involuntary flexion of equine carpus
169
what is the origin of LaDE in the hindlimb?
proximal 1/3 of fibula
170
what is the insertion of LaDE in the hindlimb?
LoDE at P1 in digit V via smaller caudal groove of lateral malleolus
171
what is the function of fibularis brevis?
hock flexor
172
what is the origin of fibularis brevis?
fleshy belly applied to middle 1/3 of fibula
173
what is the insertion of fibularis brevis?
dorsoproximally on MT V via smaller caudal groove of lateral malleolus
174
where does the short digital extensor of the hindlimb lie?
within pes
175
how many bellies does short digital extensor have?
3
176
what do the bellies of short digital extensor adhere to?
dorsal surface of fibular tarsal bone (calcaneus)
177
what is the origin of short digital extensor?
dorsal aspect of fibular tarsal
178
what is the insertion of short digital extensor?
LoDE tendon at P1 in digits II-IV
179
what is the scheme of the hindlimb digital extensors distally?
each digit receives 2 tendons. 1 muscle (LoDE) moves all the digits and 2 others distribute tendons to just some of the digits
180
what forms the contour of the crus in the ungulate?
long digital extensor
181
what is the only hindlimb muscle with vertebral origin in ruminants?
biceps femoris
182
what forms the cranial contour of crus in ruminants?
peroneus tertius
183
what is the function of capsularis coxae?
capsular muscle of hip joint
184
what is the final landmark in cranio-lateral surgical approach to the hip?
capsularis coxae- tiny ovoid plaque
185
what is the origin of capsularis coxae?
on same protuberance as rectus femoris
186
what is the insertion of capsularis coxae?
neck of femur (tiny insertion)
187
what does the tendon sheath of LoDE run through at the level of the stifle?
extensor groove on lateral edge of tibial plateau
188
what course does the popliteus tendon take from lateral femur?
spiraling course to caudal aspect of tibia
189
what is the origin of popliteus tendon?
fossa on lateral condyle of femur
190
what is the insertion of popliteus tendon?
medial side of caudal aspect of tibia
191
what is the function of popliteus tendon?
resists outward rotation which occurs due to non-sagittal movements of hip, stifle and hock, along with cruciate ligaments ensures femorocrural joint optimally aligned
192
what does flexion of the hock lead to in the pes and why?
lateral deviation due to the oblique configuration of the trochlea
