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Flashcards in Histology Deck (401)
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1
Q

What is this?

A

A glomerulus

2
Q

What is in the yellow circle?

A

Proximal Tubules

3
Q

Which type of tubule is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

Straight portion of the proximal tubule

4
Q

What are the cells of the distal tubule like?

A

They have a few short microvilli and do not display a brush border. They appear paler than the proximal tubule. They have deep invaginations of the basal plasme-membrane with numerous mitchondria

5
Q

What are the cells of the bladder?

A

The lining urothelium sits on a fibrous lamina propria and the thickened epithelium is often thrown into folds

6
Q

What is the function of an umbrella cell?

A

They are adapted to be urine prood and protect the underlying cells of the urothelium

7
Q

What is the lining of the male urethra?

A

It is lined mainly by pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium (urothelium) except at it’s distal (penile) end. Mucous glands are found along the entire length

8
Q

What is the lining of the female urethra?

A

It is lined by stratified squamous epithelium punctuated by areas of mucous glands

9
Q

Do both sexes have a urethral sphincter?

A

They both have a striated (voluntary) muscle sphincter derived from the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm surrounding the membranous part of the urethra

10
Q

What type of epithelium lines the distal end of both the male and female urethra?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

11
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules?

A

They are lined by a stratified epithelium consisting of supporting cells (sertoli cells) and the cells of the germline (developing spermatozoa)

12
Q

What is the prime function of the Sertolli cells?

A

To nurture the developing sperm

13
Q

What is the epithalial lining of the seminiferous tubules?

A

The cells cloest to the thin fibrous capsule form germinal epithelium interspersed with large cells who regular nucei contain chromatin with a speckled appearance

14
Q

What shape nuclei do primary and seconday spermatocytes or spermatids contain?

A

Small dense round nuclei

15
Q

What shape nuclei do mature spermatozoa have?

A

Narrow elongated nuclei (heads)

16
Q

What is this?

A

Adipose Tissue

17
Q

What is this?

A

Alveoli

18
Q

What is this?

A

An exocrine duct

19
Q

What is this?

A

Arterioles

20
Q

What is this?

A

Atheroma

21
Q

What is this?

A

Basophil

22
Q

What is this?

A

Bronchiole

23
Q

What is this?

A

Capillaries

24
Q

What is this?

A

The blue cells are mucous cells

25
Q

What is this?

A

Collagen strands in dense irregular connective tissue

26
Q

What is this?

A

Collecting ducts

27
Q

What is this?

A

Colonic muscosa

28
Q

What arrow D pointing to?

A

Spermatid

29
Q

What is this?

A

Decalcified bone

30
Q

What is this?

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

31
Q

What is this?

A

Distal tubules

32
Q

What is this?

A

Duodenal mucosa

33
Q

What is this?

A

Elastic cartilage

34
Q

What is this?

A

Elastic in a large arterial wall

35
Q

What is this?

A

Eosoniphil

36
Q

What is this?

A

Fibrous cartilage

37
Q

What is this?

A

Gall bladder wall

38
Q

What is this?

A

Gastric glands

39
Q

What is this?

A

Gastric mucosa

40
Q

What is this?

A

Hyaline cartilage

41
Q

What is this?

A

Ileum mucosa

42
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Intercalated discs in the heart

43
Q

What is this?

A

Irregular connective tissue

44
Q

What is this?

A

An isolated peripheral nerve

45
Q

What is this?

A

Jejunum mucosa

46
Q

What is this?

A

It is a large elastic artery

47
Q

What is this?

A

It is a large muscular artery

48
Q

What is this?

A

Large muscular artery wall

49
Q

What is this?

A

Large muscular vein wall

50
Q

What is this?

A

Leydig cells of the testicles. They produce testosterone

51
Q

What is this?

A

Liver lobule

52
Q

What is this?

A

Liver sinusoids

53
Q

What is this?

A

Lymphatics

54
Q

What is this?

A

Lymphocytes

55
Q

What is this?

A

A macrophage

56
Q

What is this?

A

Microvilli

57
Q

What is this?

A

Mineralised bone

58
Q

What is this?

A

Monocytes

59
Q

What is this?

A

Muscular vein

60
Q

What is this?

A

Myocardium

61
Q

What is this?

A

A nerve cell body

62
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Non-keratined stratified squamous epithelium

63
Q

What in the body is this?

A

The nose

64
Q

What the green arrow pointing at?

A

An osteoclast

65
Q

What is this?

A

Osteocytes in bone

66
Q

What is this?

A

Peripheral nerve

67
Q

What is this?

A

Platelets

68
Q

What is this?

A

Neutrophils

69
Q

What is this?

A

The prostatic urethra

70
Q

What is this?

A

Proximal tubules of the kidney

71
Q

What epithelium is this?

A

Pseudo-stratified epithelium

72
Q

What is this?

A

Purkinje fibres

73
Q

What are these arrows pointing to?

A

A - Spermatogonium

B - Germ cells

C - Sertolli cell

D - Spermatid

74
Q

What is this?

A

Recto-anal junction mucosa

75
Q

What type of cells are these?

A

Red blood cells

76
Q

What is this cell?

A

Reticulocyte

77
Q

What are these?

A

Seminiferous tubules

78
Q

What are these?

A

Serous glands on the left, mucous glands on the right

79
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Simple ciliated epithelium

80
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

81
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

82
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

83
Q

What is this?

A

A small nerve of the bladder

84
Q

What is this?

A

Smooth muscle of the ureter

85
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

86
Q

What type of duct is this?

A

A striated duct

87
Q

What are these?

A

Taste buds

88
Q

What is this?

A

A terminal bronchiole

89
Q

What is this?

A

A bronchus

90
Q

What is this?

A

The larynx

91
Q

What is this?

A

A thin-walled urothelium venule

92
Q

What is the yellow arrow pointing at?

A

An umbrella cell

93
Q

What is this?

A

A ureter

94
Q

What is this?

A

The urinary bladder

95
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

The urothelium

96
Q

What is this?

A

The venules

97
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

The anterior pituitary

98
Q

What is this?

A

An arteriole in the penis

99
Q

What are arrows B, C and D pointing at?

A

B - acidophil

C - basophil (not like the leukocyte)

D - chromophobe

100
Q

What is the blue arrow pointing at?

A

The zone pellucida of a developing ovum

101
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

The body of the uterus

102
Q

What are these cells?

A

C cells

103
Q

What is this?

A

Cavernous spongiosum of the penis

104
Q

What is this?

A

It is the cervical lining

105
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

The cervix

106
Q

What is this?

A

The corpus luteum

107
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

The corpus luteum

108
Q

What is this?

A

The cortex of the ovary

109
Q

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

A

The cumulus oophorus

110
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

The anterior pituitary

111
Q

What is in the elipse

A

Graafian in the ovary

112
Q

What is this?

A

Epididymis

113
Q

What are these cells?

A

Epithelial squames

114
Q

What zone is this?

A

Fascicular of the suprarenal gland

115
Q

What are these cells?

A

Developing follicular cells

116
Q

What zone are these cells from?

A

It is the glomerular zone of the suprarenal gland

117
Q

What are the green arrows pointing at?

A

Dividing cells in the glands of proliferative endothelium

118
Q

What is this?

A

The infundibulum of the ovarian (fallopian) tube

119
Q

What are these cells?

A

Lymphocytes of the thyroid gland

120
Q

What is this?

A

Mesovarium

121
Q

What are these cells?

A

The pancreatic islets of langerhans

122
Q

What is this?

A

Parathyroid gland

123
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

Parathyroid gland cells

124
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

The penile urethra

125
Q

What is this?

A

A penis hehe lol cheeky

126
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

The pineal gland

127
Q

What is this?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

128
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

129
Q

What is this?

A

A primary follicle in the ovary

130
Q

What is this?

A

A primodial follicle in the ovary

131
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Proliferative epithelium

132
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

The prostate

133
Q

What are the arrows pointing at?

A

The two layers of the Graafian follicle

134
Q

What zone is this?

A

The reticular zone of the suprarenal gland

135
Q

What is this?

A

A secondary follicle in the ovary

136
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

Secretory endothelium

137
Q

What is this?

A

The secretory endothelium

138
Q

What phase of secretory endothelium is this?

A

The secretory phase

139
Q

What is this?

A

Small mucous glands in the penis

140
Q

What is this from?

A

The seminal vesicles

141
Q

What epithelium is this? where is it from?

A

Simple columnar epithelium in the seminal vesicles

142
Q

What is the green arrow pointing at?

A

Simple columnar epithelium of the cervical canal

143
Q

What is the green arrow pointing at?

A

Small blood vessels in the pia mater

144
Q

What is this?

A

A small nerve in the penis

145
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

Smooth muscle fibres in the adventitia of the vagina

146
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

Smooth muscle in the seminal vesicles

147
Q

What is this?

A

Spermatic cord

148
Q

What are the green arrows pointing at?

A

Stereo-cilia in the epididymis

149
Q

What is the green arrow pointing at?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium of the cervix

150
Q

What is this?

A

The suprarenal cortex

151
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

Suprarenal medulla

152
Q

What is this?

A

The prostate gland

153
Q

What is this?

A

The theca externa

154
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

The theca interna

155
Q

What are these big things?

A

Thyroid follicles

156
Q

What is this?

A

The thyroid gland

157
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

Uterine tube epithelium

158
Q

What is this?

A

The uterus

159
Q

What is this?

A

Vagina

160
Q

Where are these cells from?

A

The vagina

161
Q

What are these body parts?

A

It is the vagina at the top and part of the cervix at the bottom

162
Q

What is this?

A

A vaginal smear

163
Q

When in the menstrual cycle is this smear from?

A

It is late in the menstrual cycle

164
Q

What is this?

A

The vas deferens

165
Q

What are these muscle fibres stained with?

A

Iron haemotoxylin

166
Q

What is this?

A

Developing membrane in primitive mesenchyme

167
Q

What does alcian blue stain?

A

GAG-rich structures

Mucous goblet cells

Mast cells granules

Cartilage matrix

168
Q

Whis this dye and what does it stain?

A

It is alcian blue.

It stains: GAG; Mucous; Mast cells; Cartilage

169
Q

What dye is this and what does it stain?

A

It is eosin, it stains colliod proteins and plasma.

170
Q

What dye is this and what does it stain?

A

It is iron haemotoxlyin, it stains nuclei and elastic fibres

171
Q

What dye is this and what does it stain?

A

It is periodic acid schiff (PAS). It stains: Hexose sugars (complex carb); Goblet cell mucins; Cartilage matrix; Glycogen; Basement membranes; Brush border

172
Q

What dye is this and what does it stain?

A

It is toluidine blue. It stains Nuclei / Ribosomes (DARK BLUE); Cytoplasm (PALE BLUE); Cartilage / matrix / mast cell / GAG rich (BRIGHT PURPLE) !

173
Q

What dye is this and what does it stain?

A

It is haemotoxylin. It stains nucei and RNA and other Basophilic things Blue.

174
Q

What is the stain used to stain the neurons in this picture?

A

Silver stain

175
Q

How many dendritic processes do neurons have?

A

1-5 but you can’t see them because of the thickness of the slide

176
Q

What does intestinal epithelium consist of?

A

Enterocytes with goblet cells; Epithelia sit on BM - permeability barrier between epithelium and connective tissue

177
Q

Where are microvilli in intestinal epithelium?

A

Microvilli at apical surface = BRUSH BORDER

Brush border - inc s.a. / attachment of exo-enzymes.

Microvilli are rich in glycocalyx.

178
Q

Where is ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

A

Nose, larynx, bronchial tree and the fallopian tubes. (this slide is the nose)

179
Q

What aids cilia movement?

A

Tubulin and dynein

180
Q

Where is cuboidal epithelium?

A

In the ducts of exocrine glands - sweat glands, salivary, pancreas and kidney tissue

181
Q

Where is squamous epithelium?

A

Outer surface of most thoracic and abdominal organs Simple squamous epithelium (SEROSA)
Also lines pleural and peritoneal cavities
Air sacs of lungs (alveoli)

(this slide is serosa in the outer intestinal wall)

182
Q

What makes up the air/blood barrier?

A

2 x capillary endothelial ells, 2 x T1 pneumocytes and capillary lumen

overall thickness = 5-10 microns !

183
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

mouth, throat, oesophagus, anus, vagina (this slide is from the mouth)

184
Q

Where is keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

A

In the epidermis of the skin. This slide is from the lips.

185
Q

How is keratin created in the skin?

A

Lower layers epidermis similar to stratified squamous.

Upper layers synthesise unique collection of proteins - interact with cytoskeleton of cell to produce keratin.

When full of keratin, cells die and are sloughed off

186
Q

What are the different parts of this slide? (which are living, which are not)

A

Blue / purple = living
Pink = dead keratinised squames
At the boundary there is a layer with blue keratohyaline granules!

STRATUM GRANULOSUM - intermediate with blue granules

STEM CELLS at basal layers

187
Q

Where is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

The trachea, bronchi and urinary tract (specialised UROTHELIUM) This slide is the trachea.

188
Q

How are new pseudostratified epithelial cells replaced?

A

By lateral migration not vertical

189
Q

What and where is this slide?

A

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE! Long fibres of collagen in many directions; Dermis of scalp

190
Q

What and where is this slide?

A

DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE!

  • Ligament
  • Thick ribbons of parallel collagen • Fibroblasts at layer between compact and regular
191
Q

Where are fibroblasts in dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Fibres with dark nuclei (fibroblasts) alongside the collagen fibres, which are not uniform thickness
• INSET - fibroblast
• COLLAGEN FIBRES = EXTRACELLULAR

192
Q

What are where is this slide?

A

LOOSE AND DENSE connective tissue

Dense irregular at penis erectile compartment (inner) forms a capsule/sheath. This is common between cells of most organs and tissues

Outside = loose

193
Q

What are where is this slide?

A

It is reticulin.

TISSUE OF RETICULO - ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM i.e. lymph nodes, spleen, liver
RETICULIN FORMS BRANCHED FIBRES - most collagen forms linear fibres

194
Q

What is this stain?

A

This is elastic fibres.

Microfibres of fibrillin set in amorphous matrix of elastin; forms fine fibres or sheets of elastin.

This slide is from a large elastic artery

195
Q

What is this?

A

Elastic fibres stained with elastic Van Gieson’s trichrome

196
Q

What is on this slide? Label, A, B, C and D

A

Axons in transverse section!

  • Each axon surrounded by Schwann cell
  • A - Schwann cell nucleus
  • B - axon w/ myelin sheath
  • C - unmyelinated axon
  • D - myelin sheath
197
Q

What is the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?

A

Each axon with continuous Schwann cell chain (200 microns long)

• MYELINATED - 1:1 relationship with Schwann •UNMYELINATED - several:1

198
Q

What is myelin?

A

Membranous, bilipid (phospholipid layer), proteins inserted between layers
P!redominany phospholipid = SPHINGOMYELIN!

199
Q

What is this?

A

An isolated peripheral nerve

200
Q

What is this?

A

Longitudinal peripheral nerves. The arrow is pointing at a node of ranvier

201
Q

What is this?

A

Synapse

202
Q

Why do we use silver stain on nerve cell bodies?

A

Silver stain has affinity for cytoskeleton of cells.
Neurons have developed cytoskeleton therefore stain heavily

203
Q

How does the number of neurone processes corrolate with the function of the neurone?

A

Unipolar - sensory

Bipolar - interneurons

Multipolar - motor neurons

204
Q

What is the difference between a sensory nerve cell body and a motor one?

A

Sensory cell bodies at Dorsal Route Ganglion; Large; One axon; One major dendrite; Appear more rounded than motor neurons

205
Q

What is the structure of this muscle?

A

It is cardiac muscle. Branching chains of cardiac myocytes. Striations (myofibrils and repeat sarcolemmas). Dark Intercalated disks (myocyte junctions). Mononuclear (central), no stem cells!

206
Q

What are the functions of junctions in the disc the arrow is pointing at?

A

It is an intercalated disc.

Desmosomes and adherent junctions - anchor one cardiac muscle to next by immediate cytoskeleton filaments.

Gap junctions - allow ion transfer between cardiac smooth muscle electrochemical coupling - not cardiac conduction.

207
Q

Why do we stain these fibres with PAS?

A

These are Purkinje fibres, they contain lots of glycogen to allow for rapid depolarisation. PAS staind glycogen

208
Q

What are the structures of both the artery on the left and the vein on the left?

A

INTIMA (innermost) - endothelial cells on loose connective tissue with occasional myo-intimal cells (contractile potential)

2) MEDIA (middle) - thicker in arts than veins - smooth muscle, elastic, collagen
3) ADVENTITIA (outermost) - dense collagen and elastic

209
Q

What is special about the tunica media of this vessel?

A

This is a muscular artery.

Well defined medial layer (smooth muscle in concentric rings)

Medial layer interspersed with elastic

Media - intima divide = wavy internal elastic lamina (condensed perforated elastic)

210
Q

What is special about the tunica adventitia of this vessel?

A

This is a muscular artery

adventitia - thick strands of collagen/elastic (fibrocollagenous) with vasa vasorum and nerves

adventitia - media divide = external elastic lamina only in large muscular

211
Q

Where is this vessel found?

A

This is a elastic artery, you can tell because the elastic stains red and the collagen and muscle stain blue.

It is found in the AORTA and GREAT VESSELS close to heart.

212
Q

How is this vessel different from other vessels?

A

This is an elastic artery.

It has a medial layer thick with concentric SHEETS of elastic interspersed with smooth muscle
As the vessel is large - contain own blood supply vasa vasorum!

213
Q

How is the structure of this vessel different from other vessels?

A

This is an arteriole

3 layers or fewer of muscle in the media.
No internal elastic lamina - therefore may completely close when muscle contracts.
Poor adventitia - mainly collagen and elastin.

214
Q

What is the function of this vessel?

A

This vessel is an arteriole.

Highly responsive to vasoactive stimuli - regulation of peripheral resistance

215
Q

What is on this slide? What is it lined by?

A

This is an glandular acinus.

Lined by enterocytes and goblet cells

216
Q

What is the function of these cells?

A

These are endothelial cells.

  1. Action transport of molecules across into and out of the cytoplasm 2. Influence muscle tone 3. Coagulation 4. Produce cell adhesion mols - influence lymphocyte/neutrophil migration
217
Q

How do pericytes change alongside these vessels?

A

This is a venule.

Pericytes alongside them.
Pericytes become continuous as vessel gets bigger. In veins no pericytes, replaced by smooth muscle)

218
Q

What is the structure of this vessel?

A

This is a large vein wall.

Thick wall. Distinct intima/media and medial layer with longitudinal smooth muscle. The adventitia is thick with longitudinally arranged muscle fibers

219
Q

What are these vessel walls made of?

A

This is a lymph vessel.

The walls are made of connective tissue with some muscle. They have less pressure than venules

220
Q

How long do these cells last for?

A

They are red blood cells. They last for 120 days.

221
Q

When is the level of these cells highest?

A

This is an eosinophil. They are diurnal, they are highest in the morning

222
Q

What is the function of this cell?

A

This is an eosinophil. They phagocytose antigen/antibody complexes, assoc with PARASITIC INFECTION! They neutralise histamine.

223
Q

What granules does this cell contain?

A

This is a neutrophil. It contains:

primary granules- lysosomes, acid hydrolases, antibac and digest!

secondary granules - neutrophil specific, regulation of inflammation response!

tertiary granules - facilitate insertion of proteins to cell mem

224
Q

What is the function of this cell?

A

This is a basophil. Similar role to MAST cells. Secrete HISTAMINE and other vasoactive subs - increased blood flow locally

225
Q

What is the most common non-granulocyte?

A

A lymphocyte

226
Q

What is this cell?

A

It is a monocyte. They are immature cells which diff to one of various forms when leave blood and enter connective tissue

227
Q

What are the types of granules in these cells?

A

They are platelets. They contain:

1) alpha granules - clotting
2) dense granules
3) lysosomes
4) peroxisomes - elimination of oxygen radicals

228
Q

What is the black stuff? What is it stained with?

A

ELASTIC TISSUE (ELASTIC VAN GIESON’S WITH IRON HAEMATOXYLIN COUNTER STAIN)

229
Q

What is this epithelium? Where is it?

A

It is respiratory epithelium: SIMPLE/PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED E!PITHELIUM! It is in the nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

230
Q

Name all the parts of this nose:

A

mucous/cartilage blue

central bone plate (pink)

resp epithelium either side

thin walled blood vessels between epithelium and bone

mucous containing goblet cells stain bright blue

231
Q

What is the epithelium of the nose?

A

Simple ciliated respiratory epithelium except at opening (hairy skin). The concha are covered in respiratory epithelium.

232
Q

Where and what is olfactory epithelium?

A

In the roof of nose below cribriform plate

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with basal and sustenacular (supporting cells) with bipolar neurons - dendritic process to surface (arrow). Serous glands to surface (solvent for odorous substances). It is thicker than other respiratory epithelium

233
Q

What is the epithelium of the larynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium except vocal folds. Vocal folds - stratified squamous epithelium (more robust, may withstand vibration)

234
Q

What are the vocal folds made of?

A

Contain free upper margin of elastic tissue (conus elasticus). Tensioned by voluntary skeletal muscle - vocalis muscle!

235
Q

What is the epithelium of the trachea?

A

Pseudo-stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)

236
Q

What is the epithelium of the vocal cords?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

237
Q

What are the red and green arrows pointing at?

A

Red arrow points to voluntary skeletal muscle

Green arrow points to sero-mucous glands

238
Q

Where is this slide from and what does it consist of?

A

This is the trachea.

lumen of trachea = top

C-shaped cartilage = bottom

epithelium = pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

note serous glands visible which secrete to surface

239
Q

Where is this slide from and what does it consist of?

A

This is a bronchus.

Respiratory epithelium

Held open by hyaline cartilage framework (dark stain) which appear as isolated islands

Smooth muscle band under epithelium

Lymph nodules (MALT- mucosa associated lymph tissue) at the connective tissue

240
Q

What are the arrows pointing at?

A

Left arrow points to MALT nodule
Right arrow points to smooth muscle band

241
Q

What is the difference between a lymph node and a MALT nodule?

A

LYMPH NODE = discrete, encapsulated collection of lymphoid tissue
MALT NODULE = no capsule, intimately related to epithelium

242
Q

What is in this slide and what does it consist of?

A

This is a bronchiole.

simple ciliated respiratory epithelium

no hyaline cartilage

smooth muscle (to bronchoconstrict)

lymph nodules

closely associated arteries and veins (branches of p.a. and p.v)
no goblet cells

243
Q

What is in this slide and what does it consist of?

A

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

sparsely ciliated

CLARA CELLS - many large ribosomes, ER, and granules ->

244
Q

What are the walls of the vessel in this slide?

A

This is an alveoli.

walls = capillaries between SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM!

fibroblasts in walls - produce type 3 collagen (reticulin) and elastic tissue (recoil)

245
Q

What are type 1 and 2 pneumocytes like?

A

TYPE 1 CELLS (thin)
• flat cells, flat nuclei, 40% pop, 90% s.a.
TYPE 2 CELLS (globular)
• secretes surfactant (lipid rich), 60%, 10% s.a., rounded, round !dark stain nuclei!

246
Q

Where are these cells from and why are they black?

A

They are alveolar macrophages.

From monocytes in blood

Contain black ingested dust particles (carbon)

247
Q

What are the types of macrophages?

A

ALVEOLAR -> enter term/resp bronchioles and pass to lymphatics or be transported by muco-ciliary escalator

FIXED/SEPTAIL -> remain in interstitium between cells and tissue

248
Q

What is the epithelium of the lip?

A

Mucosa, which is typical of mouth SSNKE

At the margin - abrupt transfer to skin SSKE (shown in the slide)

249
Q

What are the layers of the lip?

A

Epithelium

Connective tissue (sub-mucosa) - collagen and elastin

Deeper layers - glands and striated skeletal muscle (change shape of oral cavity)

250
Q

What special cells does the inner lip have?

A

Small clumps of salivary tissue

Sebaceous glands (Fordyce’s spots) open to surface rather than hair follicles

Small blood vessels in sub-mucosa helps keep the lips moist

251
Q

Where and what is this?

A

A hair follicle on the keratinised side of the lip

252
Q

What is the epithelium of the tongue?

A

SSNKE on ventral surface (lower)
SSKE on dorsal surface (upper) - constant abrasion

253
Q

Where do the different types of muscle of the tongue insert?

A

Coarse multi-directional skeletal muscle bundles
EXTRINSIC FIBERS
Skeletal muscle insert to lower jaw
INTRINSIC FIBERS
Skeletal muscle insert to fibrous connective tissue underlying mucosa

254
Q

What type of salivary glands does the tongue have?

A

Both mucosal and serous. This slide is serous

255
Q

Where are lymph nodules in the tongue?

A

particularly at the posterior 1/3 of tongue (linguinal tonsils)

256
Q

What type of glands are these?

A

Mucous glands

257
Q

Where is taste detected on the tongue?

A

sweet (tip)

salty (front/side)

sour (further back)

bitter (whole back)

258
Q

What are the types of papillae on the tongue?

A

FILIFORM PAPILLAE (threadlike) - most common, tall, pointed, over the whole anterior 2/3!

FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE (mushroom-like) at the tip and sides. pale staining, spindle-shaped taste buds with nerve/synaptic vesicles

CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE (V-shaped row) at the margin between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3

259
Q

What do nerves of the tongue do?

A

Small nerves lying in sub-mucosa of tongue.

Supply close by taste buds

260
Q

What does the parotid gland do?

A

Synthesise alpha- amylase

Secreted via ducts to mouth

Ducts can alter ionic concentrations

261
Q

What are the two types of cell in the parotid gland?

A

SECRETORY CELLS

pyramidal, spherical nucleus, basal cyt full of rER, apex c!ontains prominent secretory granules (pink staining)

DUCT CELLS

simple cuboidal (stratified at distal end)

262
Q

What is the insert in the slide? Where is it from?

A

It is a lymph node in the parotid gland

263
Q

What are the types of cells in the sublingual salivary gland?

A

Pale staining secretory cells

Darker staining duct w/ simple cuboidal epithelium

Flattened oval nuclei to base of cells

Branched tubular acinar glands

264
Q

What is this? What is it mainly involved in?

A

It is a parasympathetic nerve ganglion.

Many nerve cell bodies

Involved heavily in secretion regulation (this one is sublingual)

265
Q

What does this gland secrete?

A

Sticky mucus rich secretion (food bolus)

Major constituent - polysaccharide

266
Q

What is the grey arrow pointing at? What gland is this?

A

DEMI-LUNES - serous cells form demi-lunes (half moons) at closed ends of tubules!

This is the submandibular salivary gland

267
Q

What is this?

A

It is a lymph nodule in the submandibular salivary gland

268
Q

What is the epithelium of this slide?

A

This is the epiglottis.

mostly stratified squamous non keratinising epithelium

lower part posterior - pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated !epithelium (respiratory)

269
Q

What does the epiglottis contain?

A

Contains:

1) elastic cartilage plate
2) lymph nodules (submucosa)

3!) salivary glands (submucosa)

270
Q

What is this epithelium?

A

Straified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

271
Q

What is this?

A

This is a tastebud surrounded by squamous epithelium

272
Q

This cell has:

Mucinous acini

Basally located nuclei

Ducts lined by cuboidal/columnar epithelium.

What is it?

A

This is the sublingual gland

273
Q

Where is the slide from? What does it contain?

A

This is the submandibular gland.

Serous glands at bottom • Mucus glands at top

274
Q

How can you tell what gland this is?

A

This is the parotid gland because this is purely serous (granules).

275
Q

What is the epithelium of the oesophagus?

A

It is stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium above the diaphragm and simple columnar epithelium below the epithelium

276
Q

What are the layers of the oesophagus?

A

Mucosa:
• SSNKE (above diaphragm)
• thin lamina propria
Sub-mucosa:

sero-mucous glands (lubrication), large thin walled veins (@ distal end - oesophageal varicosities)
Muscularis Externa:
Upper 1/3 = skeletal / Middle 1/3 = mixed / Lower 1/3 = smooth !

277
Q

What does the stomach body consist of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium - produce acid resistant mucin
Gastric pit invaginations (green arrows)
Several tall straight or branched glands to each pit
Submucosa = loose connective tissue with abundant vessels

Muscularis externa = 3 layers smooth muscle

Muscularis mucosa also contains elastic (black) to stop stomach collapse on empty

278
Q

Where are parietal cells in the stomach?

A

In the gastric glands body / fundus

In the upper part of gland close to pits

279
Q

Where are chief cells in the stomach?

A

Pyramidal in the deeper gland
In the body and fundus
Close to muscularis mucosa

280
Q

What are the key feature in the the pyloric region of the stomach?

A

cardiac and pyloric gastric glands shorter

glands coiled

mainly mucus neck cells

scattered with cells that produce gastrin!

281
Q

What is this?

A

The gastroduodenal junction

282
Q

What is the function of this cell? What features show this?

A

These are enterocytes.

They are a major absorptive cell
300 short microvilli on apical surface - brush border
At outer surf brush border they have a glycocalyx (enzymes) filter

Most nutrients through this
Water and glucose (some) via intracellular pathways

283
Q

What are the key features of the area this slide?

A

It is from the duodenum, which is 12 inches with few plicae circularis
• Villi - broad and leaf like
• Few goblet cells
• submucosa contains mucus secreting BRUNNER’S GLAND (not in the ileum or jejunum). This alkaline secretion neutralises CHYME.

The inner circular layer thicker than outer longitudinal layer of muscularis externa

284
Q

What is the function of the duodenal crypts?

A

Crypts form new enterocytes and goblet cells

Dividing cells have very dark staining nuclei or sets of chromosomes

At the bottom of crypts = DIFFERENTIATED PANETH CELLS

Secrete lysozyme - breakdown of bacterial cell walls

Regulate flora of gut

285
Q

What are the key features of the jejunum?

A

close-packed plicae circularis

MANY goblet cells

long narrow villi (finger like)

short crypts

loose submucosa (almost detached from muscularis externa)

no Brunner’s gland or Peyer’s patches

Lymph nodules at lamina propria but do not penetrate submucosa

286
Q

What are the key features of the ileum?

A

final segment of small int therefore fewer plicae and shorter villi (less absorb)

goblet cells increase towards distal end

large PEYER’S PATCHES @ submucosa (lymphoid tissue w/ ith lymphocytes)

Peyer’s patches erupt through muscularis mucosa to lamina propria

287
Q

What are the key features of the vermiform appendix?

A

from caecum

simple columnar epithelium

goblet cells

no villi

simple crypts

lamina propria and submucosa full of lymphoid tissue

no muscularis mucosa

muscularis externa present

transverse smooth muscle at muscularis externa = taenia colis

fat filled

288
Q

What are the key features of the colon?

A

All segments similar histologically

Little folding

No villi

Mucosa contains close packed crypts with abundant goblet cells and enterocytes

restricted lamina propria (by crypts)

prominent muscularis mucosa

mucosa and sub-mucosa contain lots of lymph - GALT (gut)

muscularis externa - thickened inner circular layer, outer layer drawn into 3 longitudinal bands = taeniae coli

289
Q

Where is this from? What are the key features of it?

A

This is the recto-anal junction

Rectum = similar to colon
• simple columnar epithelium
• anal canal - stratified squamous epithelium, keratinised at distal end (as lip)

• submucosa with FAT, VEIN PLEXUS (anal varicosity) • smooth muscle of muscularis externa thickened and

surrounded by STRIATED MUSCLE of EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER

290
Q

What is in box b and d?

A

box b - striated muscle of sphincter • box d - anal glands

291
Q

Where is this from? How could you tell?

A

This is from the duodenum.

Villous
• Sub-mucosa with Brunner’s glands
• duodenal epithelium contains some lymphocytes between !epithelium

292
Q

Where is this from? How can you tell?

A

Vermiform apendix

All of this fits on a microscopic slide therefore not colon
• flat mucosa with no villi
• abundant lymphoid tissue in lamina propria and submucosa • lacks a muscularis mucosa
•receives blood from superior mesenteric artery

293
Q

Where is this from? How could you tell?

A

Colonic mucosa

flat surface
• no villi
• numerous straight crypts
• abundant goblet cells
• prominent muscularis mucosa •!stem cells at base of crypts

294
Q

What are the functions of hepatocytes?

A

creation/store energy as glycogen & fat
synthesise plasma proteins
de-amination of amino acids and production urea uptake, synthesis, excretion of bilirubin and bile acids detox and inactivation of drugs by oxidation, methylation or conjugation

295
Q

This is a portal triad, spot where the vessels are?

A

small muscular arteriole (top left), venule (bottom), bile ductule (top right, simple cuboidal)

296
Q

What are sinusoids made of?

A

wide, thin walled, fenestrated capillaries
• endothelial cells interspersed with:
1. KUPFFER CELLS - fixed macrophages
2. ITO CELLS - perisinusoidal cells (fat storing - cirrhosis)

• too thin to resolve

sit on meshwork of reticulin (collagen 3)

297
Q

Where are these cells and what do they do?

A

The blue and black dots are sinusoidal macrophages.

Kupffer cells in lining of endothelium
• phagocytose blood borne pathogens
• part production of bilirubin (taken up and excreted by !hepatocytes)

298
Q

What are the key features of the gallbladder?

A

simple columnar with poor brush border
• adapted for water reabs (bile conc)
• epithelium (on submucosa) thrown into folds (not villi) • gallstones may be present at lumen
• large veins in walls / venule (in image)
• smooth muscle at outer surface
•serosa visible at top (simple squamous)

299
Q

What is the function of these cells?

A

This is the exocrine pancreas.

exocrine = 90% mass of gland

SEROUS (watery/enzyme rich)

digestive enzymes from same cell, secretion granules at upper part cell

enzymes released as food enters duod

300
Q

What are the insets of this picture? Where is it from?

A

It is from the pancreas

Inset:

PACINIAN CORPUSCLE - pressure sensor in pancreas (and skin)

NERVE PLEXUS - with vagus nerve

301
Q

What is the structure of this duct? Where is it from?

A

It is an exocrine duct of the pancreas.

Each acinus has narrow intercalated duct (ID)
• IDs connect acinus to main duct (MD)
• Larger ducts -> 1/2 MDs that enter duodenum with bile duct !
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM (stratified at distal end, as GB)

302
Q

What is this?

A

It is a portal triad

303
Q

What separates the glomerulus from the surrounding urinary space?

A

Bowman’s capsule

304
Q

What is the arrow pointing to? What is between that and the glomerulus?

A

The arrow is pointing to a distal tubule. The macula densa cells are between that and the glomerulus. They are around the blood vessels and they regulate blood flow and provide a framework for the glomerulus.

305
Q

How is this made?

A

This is the filtration barrier. It is synthesised and maintained by endothelial capillary cells and epithelial cells (podocytes) that ensheath them. The endothelial is fenestrated, podocytes stand off membrane with foot processes. This creates physical pores.

306
Q

What is the function of this?

A

This is the filtration barrier. The endothelial is fenestrated, podocytes stand off membrane with foot processes. This creates physical pores. Pores guarded by filtration membrane

Membrane is charged and resists passage of some mols. Water and solutes to 50’000 DALTONS may pass to urinary space = primary filtrate!

307
Q

What are the key features of these cells?

A

They are proximal tubules.

Highly coiled (sometimes with straight projection to medulla)

Prominent brush border and complex invaginations at the basolateral membrane dark pink

308
Q

What is the function of these cells?

A

These are proximal tubules.

extensive reabsorption here

Na+ active trans with gluc (cotrans)

Take up protein and polypep by endocytosis

cells contain lyzosomes which break down proteins before return to circulation

any small negatively charged protein can enter primary filtrate

309
Q

What are these cells? What do they lead to?

A

It is the straight portion of the proximal tubules. They lead to the loop of Henle.

310
Q

Where are these cells? What are they similar to?

A

They are from the loop of Henle, mostly in the medulla. The thick descending loop is similar to the proximal tubule. The thick ascending limb is similar to the distal tubule.

311
Q

What are the functions of these cells?

A

This is the loop of Henle. The thin descending limb has a low permeabilty to ions and urea and a high permeability to water. The thin ascending limb retains water but reabsrobes Na+ and Cl-. This produces a dilute/hypotonic filtrate but a hypertonic interstitium.

312
Q

Where are these cells? What are the key features of their appearance?

A

These are from the distal tubule. They are from the medullar to the cortex then to the vascular pole of the glomerulus. They have a few short microvilli and no brush border. They are paler than proximal tubules.

313
Q

What is the function of these cells?

A

These are from the distal tubule. The macula densa here monitors sodium levels to influence the initial filtration of the glomerulus. There are deep ingainations of basal plasme membrane with numerous mitochondria, which are indicative of control acid/base balance and concentration of urine. Bicarbonate is reabsorbed and hydrogen is excreted.

314
Q

What is this cell? How could you tell?

A

They are collecting ducts.

Pale cuboidal cells

Wide lumen

Few organelles

Collecting tubules - dark intercalated cells with high mitochondria

315
Q

Where are these cells? What is their function?

A

They are the collecting ducts. They start at the cortex, where the filtrate is collected in collecting tubules then into larger collecting ducts. Collecting tubules from many nephrons coalesce to larger ducts and form visible streaks - medullary rays

316
Q

What are the cells and the function of the juxtaglomerulus apparatus?

A

Afferent/efferent arterioles, macula densa, lacis cells (gmatrix)

Afferent - cells produce renin - granules in cytoplasm

Lacis cells and macula densa regulate renin secretion by monitor sodium levels

317
Q

Where and what is this epithelium?

A

This is urothelium. It is psuedo-stratified epithelium. It is in the ureters, bladder and most male urethra.

318
Q

What is the function of umbrella cells in urothelium?

A

UMBRELLA CELLS!

1) thickened membrane plates joined by thin membrane bands
2) lipid composition (unique)
3) relaxed plated = perpendicular to membrane (fuzzy)
4) stretched = drawn to surface of cell

319
Q

What is this? How can you tell?

A

Ureter

Epithelial tube with 2 helical layers smooth muscle!

STAR SHAPED LUMEN

Towards bladder = longitudinal smooth muscle!

320
Q

What are the three constrictions of the ureter?

A

Origin (pelvis of kidney)

At sacro-iliac joint (passes to true pelvis)

As enters postero-inferior bladder surface

321
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle in this organ?

A

This is the urinary bladder.

Wall = thick bundles of smooth muscle with no preferred direction except neck = 3 distinct layers

The innermost is longitudinal projects inferiorly and turns transversely to form a sphincter around prostatic urethra

322
Q

What are cells in the male urethra?

A

Urothelium (pseudo-stratified columnar) except at distal end

Mucus glands along length

distal urethra = stratified squamous (male and female)

both sexes = striated (voluntary) muscle sphincter from muscles of pelvic diaphragm around membranous part

under prostatic urothelium = dense fibrous connective tissue to prevent distension

323
Q

What cells are in the seminiferous tubules?

A

thin fibrous capsule

closest to membrane = germinal epithelium with spermatogonia (speckled)

between cells are smaller primary spermatocytes and Sertoli cells (pale irregular nuclei)

towards centre depends on stage in cycle

sometimes prim/sec spermatocytes (small dense nuclei)

otherms more mature (narrow and elongated heads) between tubules = LEYDIG CLUMPS!

324
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Thick fibrous capsule attached to mediastinum of testes posteriorly - storage and maturation site for sperm

aggregated within lumen

325
Q

What cells make up the epididymis?

A

Tall pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

Small rounded basal cells support tall columnar with microvilli (stereocilia). The stereocilia (non-motile) reabsorb seminal fluid, phagocytose damaged sperm and cell debris, also reabsorb nutrients for sperm.

Thin layer of smooth muscle thicker as approaches vas

326
Q

What cells make up the vas deferens?

A

spirally arranged smooth muscle
similar epididymis but shorter cells and microvilli
sometimes longitudinal folds - lamina propria

327
Q

How does the vas deferens work?

A

Vudden and rhythmical contraction expels sperm

328
Q

What is this? What cells is it made of?

A

This is a seminal vesicle.

Highly coiled glands at postero inferior bladder. It has a double layered capsule of smooth muscle. It is thrown into long narrow folds.

329
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle?

A

It is stimulated by testosterone enlarge and secrete creamy opalescent fluid with acid pH. Rich in globulin vit C, amino acids and sugars

330
Q

What are the cells in the prostatic epithelium?

A

Glands varied - straight, coiled, branched

Epithelium thrown into broad branching folds

331
Q

How does testosterone affect the prostatic epithelium?

A

With testosterone cells increase in height and secrete digestive enzymes - acid phosphatase - major component of seminal fluid - PSA prostate specific antigen

332
Q

What are the two sides of this slide? Where are they both from?

A

They are both from the prostate.

Left - skeletal muscle at underside of prostate - pelvic diaphragm with levator ani

Right - spiral tubular gland at submucosal level

333
Q

What is the epithelium of the penile urethra?

A

Membranous and penile = non- secreting pseudo-stratified columnar ! At distal end = stratified squamous ep (within glans)!

334
Q

Where are the bulbo-urethral glands? What do they do?

A

bulbo-urethral glands within membranous urethra produce watery galactose rich secretion precedes main ejaculate - can sometimes be a problem in catheterisation

335
Q

What are the cells of the erectile compartments of the penis?

A

erectile compartments = large endothelium lined blood vessels supported by connective tissue

each surrounded by compact collagen layer = tunica albuginea

336
Q

What is the blood supply of the penis? How does it change when flaccid?

A

Helicine branches of pudendal artery

When flaccid arteries transmit very little blood due to arterio-venous shunts. Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation shuts shunts

337
Q

What is the epithelium of the vagina? How does it alter with age?

A

stratified squamous thinly keratinised at vulval end

thin pre puberty and post menopause

338
Q

What is beneath and surrounding the vaginal epithelium?

A

beneath epithelium = lamina propria with small blood vessels (moisture by diffusion)

surrounding epithelium = fibro muscular tube with collagen/elastic and smooth muscle

sphincter of skeletal muscle at lower end!

339
Q

Where are bartholin glands? What do they do?

A

BARTHOLIN GLANDS - mucus posterolaterally at lower end of vagina

340
Q

What is the function of these cells?

A

These are epithelial squames.

In menstrual cycle surface cells accumulate glycogen and flake off. Desquamated cells rupture and bacteria generate lactic acid, which creates low pH at vagina (immune function)

341
Q

How does the proportion of these cells during menstruation?

A

These are epithelial squames. Pale cells predominate during the first half of the menstrual cycle.

342
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the cervix?

A

Outer surface - stratified squamous non keratinising epithelium (identical vagina)

Cervical canal (between internal and external openings ostia) = tall columnar epithelium thrown into deep gland like folds

This picture is the external os.

343
Q

What is the stroma of the cervix made of?

A

Stroma = fibrous connective and smooth muscle.

This picture is the external os

344
Q

What does the cervix secrete?

A

Secretes mucus *consistency of which varies throughout menstrual cycle

FIRST HALF - thin and watery
SECOND HALF - viscous after ovulation as plug to prevent microorganism entry

345
Q

How many layers does the uterine body have?

A

3 poorly defined layers of the myometrium smooth muscle
• lined by epithelial endometrium
• myometrium hormonally sensitive

346
Q

How does the uterine body differ during pregnancy?

A

HYPERPLASIA - increase in number
HYPERTROPHY - increase in size - main mechanism

347
Q

What are the key features of proliferative endometrium?

A

TUBULAR GLANDS APPEAR STRAIGHT and cells do not secrete endometrial mucus

Stroma compact

Uncoiled arteries and veins

Mitotically dividing cells within glands and stroma

Simple glands (often circular)

Loose connective tissue

348
Q

What are the key features of secretory endometrium?

A

Cells have large vacuole of glycogen below nuclei, from these stores synthesise mucins

Glands = irregular / sacculated with secretions at lumen

Stroma oedematous

Arteries lengthen and become spiral

At the end (late phase) spiral arteries close down and blood leaks to stroma = anoxia therefore decidua detaches and menses begins

349
Q

What are the layers of the uterine tubes? What type of epithelium do they have?

A

Two helical layers of smooth muscle (inner circular) and outer (longitudinal) … almost!

simple columnar epithelium - ciliated and mucous secreting

350
Q

What alters the uterine tube epithelium? How does it change?

A

Epithelium is hormonally sensitive - cells taller and cilia beat more strongly around ovulation. Also secretions thinner and more copious at this time

351
Q

How does the theca change during follicular development?

A

THECA - simple squamous (primordial), later to cuboidal or columnar.

Differentiates to granulosa cells = theca interna that begin to secrete oestrogen and theca externa (flattened) and follicle becomes secondary

Further growth and devel -> mature Graafian follicle with fluid filled antrum

Once oocyte released from Graafian follicle theca persists and releases oestrogen and progesterone as corpus luteum

352
Q

Which box is at what stage of follicular development?

A

Top Left - secondary follicle

Top Right - primary follicle

Bottom Left -mature graafian follicle

Bottom Right - primordial folllicle

353
Q

How is the corpus luteum formed?

A

When Graafian follicle ruptures - antrum collapses = central blood clot. The remaining thecal cells persist as corpus luteum. This is the theca interna.

354
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

With lutinising hormone cells continue to secrete oestrogen and progesterone for 10 days - support secretory endometrium

355
Q

How long does the corpus luteum last for?

A

10 days - support secretory endometrium. If fertilisation occurs corpus luteum persists for 4 weeks till placenta can secrete enough oestrogen and progesteron

356
Q

Which thecal cells secrete what?

A

Most thecal cells produce progesterone but some at centre synths oestrogen - thecal lutein cells. Final involution forms pale fibrous mass - corpus albicans. This is the theca interna.

357
Q

What are the layers of the corpus luteum? How can you tell them apart?

A

Centre contains pale staining amorphous material and blood clot surround is wide band of cells from theca interna invaded by blood vessels, theca externa also contains many blood vessels

THECA EXTERNA - stellate shape, small, pale
THECA INTERNA - large, globular, intense pink.

358
Q

What are the three cells of this gland?

A

This is the anterior pituitary gland.

1) Stain heavily with acid dyes - alpha cells / acidophils /eosinophilic (dark red) growth hormone!
2) stain heavily with basic dyes - beta cells / basophils (dark blue) thyrotrophs/gonadotrophs/corticotrophs
3) stain weakly chromophobes, undiff and no hormone

Cells with no stain may be immature of any type

359
Q

What are the black dots? Which cells are they in?

A

This is the anterior pituitary gland.

Peptide based hormones in GRANULES
Acidophils / basophils = small dark hormone containing granules
Chromophobes = few or none

360
Q

What are the brown dots?

A

This is the posterior pituitary gland. Swollen nerve teminals (Herring bodies) contain dark neuro-sec granules brown

Granules contain:

1) OXYTOCIN, 2) VASOPRESSIN

361
Q

What are the two types of cell in this slide?

A

There are loose layers of meninges at the bottom, with small blood vessels in the pia. The top if the pineal gland.

362
Q

What are these cells?

A

This is in the thyroid. Thyroxine producing cells arranged = follicles (hollow spheres)

Simple cuboidal epithelium

The centre of each follicle with colloid rich thyroglobulin!

363
Q

What affects the thyroid follicle cells? What are these changes?

A

height of cells varies with metabolic activity

flattened when dormant

emptying when active / full when dormant

364
Q

What are where are these cells?

A

These are C cells.

Calcitonin producing cells
Clumps between follicles
Parafollicular
Sometimes between basement membrane and follicular cells in the thyroid

365
Q

What cells make up this gland?

A

This is a parathyroid gland.

mixture of fat cells and other secretory cells in clusters or short cords

CHIEF CELL - small and palely stained - very small granules = parathormone (calcium from bone to serum)
Larger pink staining OXYPHIL cells fewer in number

366
Q

What is this cell?

A

It is a pancreatic islet

367
Q

How many layers does this area have? What do they secrete?

A

This is the suprarenal cortex.

3 ZONES

1) OUTER GLOMERULAR (narrow) - ALDOSTERONE AND MINERALOCORTICOIDS!
2) INTERMEDIATE THICK FASCICULAR long parallel cords responsible for CORTISOL and GLUCOCORTICOIDS!
3) INNER RETICULAR ZONE anastomosing cords of cells that produce testosterone and other androgenic (DARKER STAINING)

368
Q

What cells make up this area?

A

This is the suprarenal medulla.

Irregular clumps interspersed with blood vessels. 2 types of secretory cells:

1) ADRENALINE
2) NORADRENALINE

They are stored in small neurosecretory granules in cytoplasm of cell until required. Bathed in blood draining from suprarenal cortex thus influenced by steroid hormones

369
Q

What do these cells secrete?

A

These are leydig cells in between sesminiferous tubules in the testis. They secrete testosterone.

370
Q

What layer of skin is this? What cells does it contain?

A

This is the spinous (prickle) layer of skin.

Thickest layer of skin- joined by desmosomes - prevent skin splitting @ stretch. If shrink - desmosomes become obvious and cells appear spiny

LANGERHAN’S CELLS = pale cytoplasm and irregular shaped nucleus

371
Q

Where do hair cells originate?

A

Roots of hair project to dermis but of epidermal origin. Arise from germinative epithelium within hair bulb that contains melanocytes - hair colour

372
Q

What surrounds the hair follicle?

A

Surrounded by collagenous follicle sheath with erector pili (smooth muscle) (& autonomic nerve) sebaceous glands (lubrication)

373
Q

What is this made of? Where does it arise from?

A

This is a finger nail.

It is made of compacted keratin

It arises from nail matrix cell under a fold of skin (eponychium/cuticle) at proximal end of nail.

374
Q

What is this?

A

Sweat glands

375
Q

What are the nerve endings in the skin?

A

PACINIAN CORPUSCLE (PRESSURE @ dermis / pancreas) - large structure with nerve ending at core

MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLE - numerous with spiral appearance @ dermal papillae ***

376
Q

What is this?

A

Eyelid

377
Q

Where is this from?

A

Nipple

378
Q

Is this breast tissue lactating or not? How do you know?

A

Yes it is.

Alveoli displace much of fat

Contain secretory cells that produce milk proteins and fats and ion rich watery solution

Milk protein and fat synthesised by same cells within alveoli but discharge is different

379
Q

What type of duct is this?

A

This is a lactiferous duct

380
Q

What type of muscle is this? How did you know?

A

Skeletal muscle in longitudinal section.

Long unbranched

Many nuclei

381
Q

What type of muscle fibre is this? How did you know?

A

This is skeletal muscle in transverse section.

Loosely aggregated to fasciculi by PERIMYSIUM

Nuclei at periphery of fibre

382
Q

What is this?

A

It is lots of sarcomeres

383
Q

What type of muscle is this? How could you tell?

A

It is cardiac muscle.

Discrete rectangular cells - end to end

Central nuclei

Branch

Connected by INTERCALATED DISCS - hold cells physically and electrically couple desmosomes, adherent junctions, gap junctions

Sarcomeres i.e. STRIATED with myofibrils but with different protein isoforms to skeletal

384
Q

What type of muscle is this? How did you know?

A

Skeletal muscle. Each fibre = many nuclei under plasmalemma at side of fibre - DISTINGUISHING POINT

385
Q

What type of muscle is this? How did you know?

A

Polygonal pink fibres

Arranged in clumps = fascicles

386
Q

What type of fibre arrangement is this?

A

Longitudinal

387
Q

What type of fibre arrangement is this?

A

Transverse

388
Q

What type of muscle is this?

A

Skeletal muscle, type 1 and 2

389
Q

What type of skeletal muscle is this? How did you know this?

A

Type 1 - rows of mitochondria between myofibrils
Fat globules alongside that mitochondria use for ATP production!

390
Q

What type of skeletal muscle is this? How did you know?

A

Type 2- fewer/smaller mitochondria
Large reserves of carbohydrate/glycogen

391
Q

What is the function of the thing coming off the periosteum?

A

This is a sharpey’s fibre.

Muscles connected to bones via CONNECTIVE TISSUE (MYSIUM)

Either as: Small collagen bundles (SHARPEY’S FIBRES) or Discrete tendons

Sharpey’s merge with fibrous periosteum of bone and collagenous bone matrix

Spreads muscle force over wide area

392
Q

How is this created?

A

This is a tendon.

Tendons and aponeuroses = condensed parallel bundles of collagen fibres interspersed with fibroblasts

At end of muscle fasciculi split becoming smaller but more numerous. Connective tissue between more numerous fasciculi.

393
Q

Where is a muscle spindle? Is it motor or sensory?

A

Sensory
• Embedded within muscle
• Small number intrafusal
• Surrounding muscle = extrafusal, separated by connective tissue sheath

394
Q

How do intrafusal fibres work?

A

They have nerve fibres wound round, parallel with extrafusal fibres. Relay information about contraction of surrounding muscle

395
Q

What is this made of?

A

This is hyaline cartilage

GAG rich
• invisible collagen/elastic - glassy
• clumped chondrocytes in matrix (in pale staining lacunae) • MATRIX BINDS WATER - when compressed exudes water !(reabsorbed when pressure released)

396
Q

How is elastic cartilage different from other cartilages?

A

Larger amounts elastin
• PINK STAINING STRANDS
•may be fractured (though tougher than hyaline/fibrous)

397
Q

How is fibrous cartilage different from other types of cartilage?

A

Large amount of collagen arranged in sheets

398
Q

Why are these cells stained so dark?

A

dark blue/purple cytoplasm (as large amounts of RNA)

399
Q

What is this involved in?

A

This is proformer cartilage.

Long bone formation

Cartilaginous proformer -> converted to bone

400
Q

What is this?

A

It is growing long bone

401
Q

What is this?

A

Developing membrane bone.

small clusters of progenitor cells within mesenchyme ->osteoblasts

deposit isolated islands of bone

islands coalesce - meshwork of bone

osteoblasts continue till mesh filled - primary plate of bone