Histology

Question 1

How many nuclei do skeletal muscles have and where are they located?

Answer 1

Multinucleated

Located at the periphery of fibre

Question 2

What is the connective tissue that surrounds the muscle as a whole called?

Answer 2

Epimysium

Question 3

What is the name for the connective tissue around a single fasicle?

Answer 3

Perimysium

Question 4

What is the name for connective tissue around a single muscle fibre?

Answer 4

Endomysium

Question 5

The axon of the motor neurone branches as it nears its termination and each branch ends in a special type of synapse called what?

Answer 5

Neuromuscular junction

Question 6

Name the three types of skeletal muscle fibres?

Answer 6

Type I
Type IIA
Type IIB

Question 7

What type of muscle fibres are relatively slow contracting fibres that depend on oxidative metabolism, have abundant mitochondria, are resistant to fatigue and produce relatively less force (often called red fibres)?

Answer 7

Type I

Question 8

What type of muscle fibre is an intermediate between the other two, relatively fast contracting but also reasonably resistant to fatigue and are relatively uncommon?

Answer 8

Type IIA

Question 9

What type of muscle fibre has fast contracating fibres that depend on anaerobic metabolism, have few mitochondria, fatigue relatively easily and produce relatively greater force (often called white fibres because of lack of myoglobin)?

Answer 9

Type IIB

Question 10

Are there blood vessels in cartilage?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

How are cartilage cells nourished?

Answer 11

By difusion through the extracellular matrix

Question 12

How are bone cells nourished?

Answer 12

By blood vessels that pervade the tissue

Question 13

What are cells found in cartilage called?

Answer 13

Chondrocytes

chondroblasts when immature

Question 14

Where do chondrocytes live?

Answer 14

Within a space in the extracellular matrix termed a lacuna

Question 15

How does type II collagen differ from type I?

Answer 15

It is finer and instead of aggregating into linear bundles it forms a 3-dimensional meshwork

Question 16

What are made up of GAGs (most commonly keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate) bound to a core protein and often linked to hyaluronan?

Answer 16

Proteoglycan aggregates

Question 17

What colour is hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage?

Answer 17

Hyaline - blue/white
Elastic - Yellow
Fibrocartilage - White

Question 18

What type of cartilage has badns of densely packed type I collagen interleaved with rows of chondrocytes surrounded by small amounts of cartilagenous ECM?

Answer 18

Fibrocartilage

Question 19

What type of cartilage is found on articular surfaces, tracheal rings, costal cartilage, epiphyseal growth plates and precursor in fetus to many bones?

Answer 19

Hyaline cartilage

Question 20

What do bones store?

Answer 20

Calcium

Question 21

What structures in the body carry out haemopoiesis (blood cell production)?

Answer 21

Bones

Question 22

In utero where is blood produced?

Answer 22

In liver and spleen

Question 23

Where is the site of haemopoiesis?

Answer 23

Bone marrow - axial and limb girdle

Question 24

An outer shell of what makes up the shaft of a bone (diaphysis)?

Answer 24

Cortical bone

Question 25

What type of bone occupies the end of the bone (epiphyses)?

Answer 25

Cancellous (aero bar) or trabecular

Question 26

Where are Haversion canals found?

Answer 26

Bone

Question 27

What cells are located on bone surfaces, for example under the periosteum, and serve as a pool of reserve osteoblasts?

Answer 27

Osteoprogenitor cells

Question 28

What cells are bone forming cells found on the surface of developing bone, they have plentiful RER and prominent mitochondria?

Answer 28

Osteoblasts

Question 29

What type of cell is a bone cell trapped within the bone matrix?

Answer 29

Osteocytes

Question 30

What bone cells are large multinucleated cells, found on the surface of bone and are responsible for bone resorption?

Answer 30

Osteoclasts

Question 31

What is the basic multicellular unit or BMU?

Answer 31

The collection of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that participate in the process of bone remodelling

Question 32

In what process does this occur: osteoclasts congregate and begin to drill into the bone forming a tunnel, a blood vessel grows in the tunnel bringing with it osteoblasts which line the tunnel and begin laying down new lamellar bone, it continues until a Haversian canal remains?

Answer 32

Bone remodelling

Question 33

What do osteoblasts secrete?

Answer 33

Osteoid - collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans