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Flashcards in Histology Glands Deck (56)
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1
Q

Exocrine pancreas is a _____ gland involved in the production of _____ and _____ which are converted into active enzymes in the intestine.

A

Serious gland

Digestive enzymes (amylase and lipase)

Proenzymes (trypsinogen)

2
Q

Secretory acini of the pancreas are _____ and are spherical in shape. Composed of a single type of cell, the ____ cell.

A

Serous

Pancreatic acinar cell

3
Q

Centrally placed round euchromatic nucleus, large amts of basal RER, apical eosinophilic secretory granules. Basal part is basophilic, apical is eosinophilic creating a ____ appearance. Broad base and narrow apex leads to what shape?

A

Pancreatic acinar cells

Bull’s eye appearance

pyramidal

4
Q

______ducts in the pancreas are located ____ the pancreatic lobule and begin from _____ the acinus.

A

Intralobular ducts

Within

Within

5
Q

What are ducal cells found within the secretory acinus and are continuous with the intercalated duct cells?

A

Centroacinar cells

6
Q

Intercalated ducts add what two things to the exocrine secretion? What secretes the enzymes?

A

Bicarbonate and water

Pancreatic acinar cells

7
Q

Fill in the blanks from intercalated duct to hepatopancreatic ampulla of duodenum.

A

Intercalated duct –> intralobular collecting duct –> interlobular ducts –> main pancreatic duct –> hepatopancreatic ampulla of duodenum

8
Q

What is the regulation of the exocrine pancreas secretion under?

A

Hormonal AND neural control

9
Q

What two hormones are secretion of enteroendrocrine cells? What do they stimulate?

A

Secretin and CCK

Stimulate secretion of enzymes and proenzymes by the exocrine pancreas

10
Q

Pancreas receives sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. What do they do?

A

Sympathetic nerve fibers are involved in regulation of pancreatic blood flow

Parasympathetic fibers stimulate the activity of acinar and centroacinar cells

11
Q

Endocrine pancreas is formed by islets of Langerhans which regulate what?

A

Blood glucose level

12
Q

What has cells arranged into cords that follow fenestrated capillaries and appear as clusters of pale-staining cells surrounded by the darker serous acini? What is missing here?

A

Islets of Langerhans

No CT capsule

13
Q

What secretes glucagon, found int he periphery of the islets of Langerhans, and has the action reciprocal to insulin?

A

A cells

14
Q

What cells secrete insulin, are most abundant in the islet, and found in the center?

A

B cells

15
Q

What secretes somatostatin?

A

D cells

16
Q

What functions as an exocrine organ and endocrine gland?

A

The liver

-exocrine organ producing bile

17
Q

What does bile contain?

A
  • Conjugated and degraded waste products for disposal
  • water
  • bile salts (detergents that emulsify the fat)
  • bilirubin (end product of hemoglobin degradation)
  • electrolytes
18
Q

What is a vital function of the liver?

A

Synthesis of most of the body’s circulating plasma proteins

19
Q

The liver can take up lipids from the blood and either utilize them or release it back to the blood as what?

A

VLDL

20
Q

What controls blood glucose levels?

A

Liver

21
Q

What does the liver store?

A

Vitamin A

22
Q

Vitamin ___ is transported from the small intestine to the liver by _____.

A

K

Chylomicra

23
Q

Liver plays a major role in the storage, metabolism, and homeostasis of what?

A

Iron

24
Q

What consists of organized plates of hepatocytes? Plates are one cell-thick and are separated by what? What do the plates form?

A

Parenchyma

Sinusoid also capillaries

Hepatic lobules

25
Q

Liver is surrounded by a CT capsule called what? Where is it thicker?

A

Glisson’s capsule thicker at the Hilmes where blood vessels enter and exit the organ

26
Q

What carries nutrient-rich, but low in oxygen blood from the spleen, pancreas, and alimentary canal? Where does oxygenated blood come from?

A

Portal vein

Hepatic artery from celiac trunk

27
Q

Hepatic lobules drain into what before the IVC? Does this accompany the hepatic artery branches?

A

Hepatic lobule –> hepatic vein –> IVC

NO!

28
Q

Portal vein and hepatic artery form conducting branches which travel to what? What do they constitute?

A

Interlobular spaces

Portal triad

29
Q

The terminal branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery deliver blood to what?

A

Hepatic sinusoids

30
Q

What are large, discontinuous capillaries with fenestrated endothelial cells? There are often gaps between individual endothelial cells.

A

Hepatic sinusoids

31
Q

What do sinusoids separate?

A

Plates of hepatocytes

32
Q

Blood flow from hepatic sinusoids to hepatic veins?

A

Hepatic sinusoids –> central vein (little to no CT) –> sublobular veins (more CT) –> collecting tributaries –> hepatic veins

33
Q

The main type of cell in the liver is a ___ which is a ___ cell.

A

Hepatocytes, secretory

34
Q

Average lifespan 3 months. High ability for regeneration if significant amount was lost due to intoxication or disease. A multifunctional cell.

A

Hepatocytes

35
Q

Hepatocytes nucleus is large and spherical. Many cells are _____ and a majority are ____. Nucleus is ____ with one or two well-developed nucleoli.

A

Binucleated
Tetraploid
Euchromatic

36
Q

What is abundant int he cytoplasm of hepatocytes and account for the eosinophils staining?

A

Mitochondria

37
Q

What is the principal site for the synthesis of lipids? Other important function?

A

SER

Detoxification of noxious substances

38
Q

What is abundant in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and metabolize long-chain fatty acids for synthesis of bile acids?

A

Peroxisomes

39
Q

What is concentrated near bile canaliculus and is a site for iron storage?

A

Lysosomes

40
Q

This is part of the mononuclear phagocytic system and resides in the hepatic sinusoids. Important in phagocytosis get particulate matter.

A

Kupffer cells

41
Q

Where are fat-storing cells found? Major function is storage of ___ and ____. Derived from ____ and in pathological conditions they proliferate and start synthesized collagen causing liver ____.

A

Space of Disse

Vitamin A and lipids

Fibroblasts

Fibrosis

42
Q

What is the narrow space between hepatocytes and the basement membrane of the sinusoids?

A

Space of Disse

43
Q

Portal canals bring ____ to the lobule and collect ____ from the lobule. What do portal canals contain?

A

Blood to

Bile from

Portal triad and loose CT

44
Q

Portal triad 3 main components?

A

Interlobular branch of portal vein

Interlobular branch of hepatic artery

Interlobular bile duct- lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

45
Q

The blood in hepatic sinusoids flows from the _____ of the lobule toward the _____.

The bile in the bile canaliculi forms from the ____ of the lobule toward the ____.

A

Blood: periphery to central vein

Bile: center to periphery

46
Q

What is the site of exchange of materials between blood and liver cells?

A

Space of Disse

47
Q

What cells are found in the space of Disse?

A

Fat-storing cells

48
Q

What does the portal lobule emphasize? What is it centered on? Shape?

A

Exocrine function

Portal triad

Triangle

49
Q

What is centered on terminal branches of portal vein/hepatic artery and on canals of Hering? Shape? Emphasizes what?

A

Liver acinus

Rhomboid

Different oxygen and nutrient content of blood present in the lobule

50
Q

What zone is the first to receive oxygen, nutrients and toxins from blood? Last to die and first to regenerate if what is impaired? First to show changes and death during what?

A

Zone 1

Circulation is impaired

Bile stasis and intoxication

51
Q

What zone dies first in reduced perfusion, but is last to respond to toxins and bile stasis?

A

Zone 3

52
Q

What is the only lining of a bile canaliculus formed by?

A

Hepatocytes

53
Q

Flow from bile canaliculi to common hepatic duct?

A

Bile canaliculi –> bile ductules –> interlobular bile ducts (portal triad) –> increase in size –> L and R hepatic ducts –> common hepatic duct

54
Q

Lumen of gallbladder is lined with simple columnar epithelium specialized for what?

A

Absorption

55
Q

Muscularis externa of gallbladder is formed by?

A

Bundles of smooth muscle and collagen

56
Q

Part of gallbladder projecting into the peritoneum is covered by ____ while the rest is covered by ____.

A

Serosa

Adventitia