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Gastrointestinal - Anatomy/Embryology/Histology > Histology - Upper GI 2 > Flashcards

Histology - Upper GI 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the area of the stomach just superior to the esophageal sphincter called?

A

Fundus

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1
Q

What epithelial change signifies the transition of esophagus to stomach?

A

From stratified squamous to simple columnar

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2
Q

What is the area of the stomach called that attaches to the esophagus?

A

Cardia (cardiac region)

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3
Q

What is the stomach area just proximal to the duodenum called?

A

Pylorus

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4
Q

What is a rugae?

A

Folds of stomach epithelial lining

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5
Q

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus on the muscularis externa?

A

Between the middle and outer layers

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6
Q

What are the three layers to the muscularis externa?

A

Inner oblique
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

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7
Q

Does the stomach have serosa or adventitia?

A

Serosa

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8
Q

What are the valleys between gastric folds called?

A

Gastric pits

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9
Q

What histological change marks the beginning of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Thickening of the muscularis externa

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10
Q

What region of the gastric gland is most mitotically active?

A

Neck

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11
Q

Where are the germinal cells of the gastric gland?

A

Isthmus

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12
Q

Where are the secretory cells of the gastric gland?

A

Body

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13
Q

What cells produce stomach acid?

A

Parietal cells

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14
Q

What cells produce pepsinogen?

A

Zymogenic cells (Chief cells)

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15
Q

What cells produce gastrin?

A

Diffuse neuroendocrine cells (DNES) called G cells

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16
Q

What cells produce intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

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17
Q

Which glandular cells are more numerous near the luminal side of a gastric fold? Which are more numerous closer to the base?

A

At luminal side: Parietal cells

In the base: Chief cells

18
Q

What three hormones cause activation of parietal cells?

A

Histamine
Acetylcholine
Gastrin

19
Q

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

HCl

20
Q

What is different about DNES cells in terms of hormone secretion?

A

Secrete into basolateral side instead of luminal side

21
Q

What cell secretes secretin and where are they?

A

S cells

Small intestine

22
Q

What is the result of increased secretin secretion?

A

Pancreatic and biliary secretion of bicarb and water

23
Q

What is the result of increased gastrin secretion?

A

Stimulation of gastric acid secretion

24
Q

What cells secrete cholecystekinin and where are they?

A

I cells

In small intestine

25
Q

What is the result of increased cholecystekinin secretion?

A

Pancreatic enzyme secretion

Gall bladder contraction

26
Q

What cells distinguish the fundus from other gastric regions?

A

Parietal cells

Chief cells

27
Q

What cells distinguish the cardia from other gastric regions?

A

Just mucousal cells

28
Q

What cells distinguish the antrum from other gastric regions

A

Mucousal cells and G cells

29
Q

What are the plicae circulares?

A

Round folds in the small intestine

30
Q

What is the only portion of the duodenum with serosa?

A

Immediately after the pyloric sphincter

31
Q

What is the core of the plicae circulares?

A

submucosa

32
Q

What layers are in the muscularis externa in the small intestine?

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal

33
Q

Which regions of the SI are covered by adventitia?

A

all areas which are retroperitoneal

34
Q

What secretory cells do you start to see in the small intestine?

A

Goblet cells

35
Q

What are paneth cells important for?

A

regulating the microbiome

36
Q

What is the core of an intestinal villi?

A

Lamina propria, NOT submucosa

37
Q

What structure is located where the villi come together?

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn

38
Q

If you see bruner’s gland, where must you be?

A

Duodenum

39
Q

If you see a peyer’s patch, where must you be?

A

Ileum

40
Q

What do Brunner’s glands do?

A

Secrete alkaline mucous to neutralize acid

41
Q

What do peyer’s patches do?

A

They are aggregates of lymph nodules

Provide plasma cells for IgA

42
Q

What is the role of M cells and where are they located?

A

Located above Peyer’s patch

Transport antigens to underlying lymphatic tissue

Gastrointestinal - Anatomy/Embryology/Histology (6 decks)

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