HISTOPATH LAB - LESSON 2

Question 1

possible outcomes of cells when exposed to an injurious agent. (3)

Answer 1

1. the cell may adapt to the situation.
2. the cell may acquire reversible injury
3. the cell may obtain irreversible injury and may die.

Question 2

types of cellular adaptation

Answer 2

1. hypertrophy
2. hyperplasia
3. atrophy
4. metaplasia

Question 3

increase in cell size of the cells

Answer 3

hypertrophy

Question 4

increase workload leads to increased protein synthesis and increased size and intracellular organelles which leads to increase cell size of the organ.

Answer 4

hypertrophy

Question 5

increase in the number of cells.

Answer 5

hyperplasia

Question 6

caused by hormonal stimulation.

Answer 6

hyperplasia

Question 7

it can be physiological, such as enlargement of breast or pathological such as endometrial hyperplasia.

Answer 7

hyperplasia

Question 8

decrease in the size of the cell.

Answer 8

atrophy

Question 9

replacement of one differentiated tissue with another differentiated tissue.

Answer 9

metaplasia

Question 10

types of metaplasia.

Answer 10

1. physiological metaplasia

2. pathological metaplasia

Question 11

refers to the normal type of cell maturation.

Answer 11

physiological metaplasia

Question 12

refers to the abnormal type of cell maturation.

Answer 12

pathological metaplasia

Question 13

the columnar epithelium cell of the endocervix metaplasia becomes what when exposed to acidic environment.

Answer 13

squamous epithelial cell

Question 14

the ciliated columnar epithelial cell of the respiratory epithelium becomes what during smoking.

Answer 14

squamous epithelial cell

Question 15

two types of reversible cellular changes

Answer 15

1. fatty acids

2. accumulation of pigments

Question 16

where does triglycerides accumulate

Answer 16

parenchymal cells

Question 17

what are the causes of accumulation of triglycerides inside the parenchymal cells.

Answer 17

imbalance between the uptake, utilization and secretion of fat.

Question 18

caused by the imbalance between the uptake, utilization and secretion of fat.

Answer 18

fatty acids / accumulation of triglycerides

Question 19

fatty change is usually seen where

Answer 19

kidney, liver and heart

Question 20

fatty liver may be caused by what

Answer 20

alcohol, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, obesity and poisoning

Question 21

etiologies cause accumulation of fat in the heterocytes by the following mechanisms (4)

Answer 21

1. increased uptake of triglycerides into the parenchymal cells
2. decreased use of fat by cells
3. overproduction of fat in cell
4. decrease in the secretion of fat from the cells.

Question 22

a yellowish pigment produced mainly because of the degradation of hemoglobin

Answer 22

bilirubin

Question 23

it causes yellow discoloration to the solerae, mucosae and internal organs

Answer 23

excess accumulation of bilirubin

Question 24

yellowish discoloration is called

Answer 24

jaundice

Question 25

causes of jaundice (3)

Answer 25

1. hemolytic anemia 2. biliary obstruction 3. hepatocellular

Question 26

it is the increase in the destruction of red blood cells

Answer 26

hemolytic anemia

Question 27

obstruction of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts and is caused by gall stones

Answer 27

biliary obstruction

Question 28

caused by the failure in the configuration of bilirubin

Answer 28

hepatocellular

Question 29

two types of irreversible cellular changes

Answer 29

1. necrosis | 2. apoptosis

Question 30

characterized by excess fluid enters, swells it, ruptures it and kills it.

Answer 30

necrosis

Question 31

after the cell had died, what occurs within the living agent.

Answer 31

intracellular degradative reactions

Question 32

true or false. necrosis also occurs in dead organisms.

Answer 32

false

Question 33

what takes place in dead organisms (2)

Answer 33

heterolysis and autolysis

Question 34

decreased oxygen supply

Answer 34

hypoxia

Question 35

causes of hypoxia (4)

Answer 35

1. ischemia 2. anemia 3. carbon monoxide poisoning 4. poor oxygenation of blood due to pulmonary disease

Question 36

decreased blood supply to or from the organ.

Answer 36

ischemia

Question 37

causes of ischemia (2)

Answer 37

1. arterial blood flow obstruction | 2. decreased perfusion of tissues by oxygen carrying blood

Question 38

decreased in the number of oxygen carrying red blood cells

Answer 38

anemia

Question 39

this compound reduces the oxygen capacity of red blood cells by chemical alteration of hemoglobin

Answer 39

carbon monoxide

Question 40

types of necrosis (5)

Answer 40

1. coagulative 2. liquefactive 3. fat 4. casseous 5. gangrenous

Question 41

results from sudden interruption of blood supply to an organ.

Answer 41

coagulative necrosis

Question 42

characterized by the general preservation of the tissue architecture

Answer 42

coagulative necrosis

Question 43

usually, the organ is hard when dissected. what type of necrosis.

Answer 43

coagulative necrosis

Question 44

characterized by the digestion of tissues.

Answer 44

liquefactive necrosis

Question 45

shows softening and liquefaction of tissues.

Answer 45

liquefactive necrosis

Question 46

results from the ischemic injury of the CNS

Answer 46

liquefactive necrosis

Question 47

occurs in suppurative infections and shows formation of pus.

Answer 47

liquefactive necrosis

Question 48

can be associated with bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infection

Answer 48

liquefactive necrosis

Question 49

caused by trauma to cells with high fat content

Answer 49

fat necrosis

Question 50

can also be caused by acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

Answer 50

fat necrosis

Question 51

disease caused by the diffusion of pancreatic enzymes into the inflamed tissue and digesting it.

Answer 51

acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

Question 52

true or false. fat necrosis usually denotes a type of necrosis and can not describe the destruction of fat due to pancreatic lipases.

Answer 52

false

Question 53

has cheese like appearance to the naked eye.

Answer 53

casseous necrosis

Question 54

occurs when the immune system and the body cannot successfully remove the foreign noxious stimuli

Answer 54

casseous necrosis

Question 55

typical of tuberculosis

Answer 55

casseous necrosis

Question 56

does not demonstrate a specific pattern of cell death but is preferably used in clinical practice to describe a condition

Answer 56

gangrenous necrosis

Question 57

describes the damage that has occurred to the extremeties, especially to the lower extremeties where there is ischemia

Answer 57

gangrenous necrosis

Question 58

programmed cell death

Answer 58

apoptosis

Question 59

death of single cells within clusters of cells

Answer 59

apoptosis

Question 60

death of clusters of cells

Answer 60

necrosis

Question 61

cells show shrinkage and increased acidophlis staining of the cell

Answer 61

apoptosis

Question 62

followed by fragmentation of cells and these fragments are called apoptotic bodies

Answer 62

apoptosis

Question 63

occurs at physiological processes for removal of the cells during embryogenesis and menstruation

Answer 63

apoptosis

Question 64

form of cell death that is generally triggered by normal healthy processes in the body

Answer 64

apoptosis

Question 65

often occurs in many adjacent cells in an area

Answer 65

necrosis

Question 66

occurs in single cells

Answer 66

apoptosis

Question 67

passive response

Answer 67

necrosis

Question 68

programmed cell death

Answer 68

apoptosis

Question 69

does not require ATP

Answer 69

necrosis

Question 70

requires ATP

Answer 70

apoptosis

Question 71

disruption of organelles

Answer 71

necrosis

Question 72

no loss of membrane integrity

Answer 72

apoptosis

Question 73

release of cell contents

Answer 73

necrosis

Question 74

little release of cell contents

Answer 74

apoptosis

Question 75

strong inflammatory response

Answer 75

necrosis

Question 76

little inflammation

Answer 76

apoptosis