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Year 5 path SW COPY > Histopathology 14: Urological Pathology > Flashcards

Histopathology 14: Urological Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 benign renal neoplasms

A

Papillary adenoma
Renal onocytoma
Angiomyolipoma

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2
Q

List 3 types of renal calculi

A

Calcium oxalate
Magnesium Ammonium phosphate
Uric acid

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3
Q

Infection with which organisms leads to magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi ?

A

Urease producing organisms - Proteus

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4
Q

What is a stag horn calculus ?

A

A very large magnesium ammonium phosphate stone

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5
Q

In which syndrome do you get renal Onocytoma ?

A

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome

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6
Q

Which benign renal neoplasm is seen in tuberous sclerosis ?

A

Angiomyolipoma

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7
Q

List risk 5 risk factors for renal cell carcinoma ?

A 
Smoking
Obesity 
Long term dialysis 
Von hippel Lindau syndrome 
Aromatic amines
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8
Q

List 3 subtypes of renal cell carcinoma ?

A

clear cell renal cell carcinoma (70%)
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (15%)
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (5%)
10% other

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9
Q

Name 1 malignant renal tumour of childhood?

A

Nephroblastoma (Wilm’s tumour)

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10
Q

Which 3 genetic mutations are commonly associated with Papillary adenoma / carcinoma

A

Trisomy 7
Trisomy 17
Deletion of Y chromosome

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11
Q

List 3 treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

5 alpha reductase inhibitors
Alpha blockers
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

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12
Q

What scoring system is used to predict prognosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma ?

A

Gleason score

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13
Q

25 year old male presents with a painless testicular lump. He has a history of an undescended testicle and was low birthweight.

What is the most likely neoplastic cause ?

A

A testicular germ cell tumour

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14
Q

List 5 subtypes of germ cell tumours?

A 
Seminoma 
Choriocarcinoma
Yolk sac tumour
Post pubertal teratoma 
Embryonal carcinoma
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15
Q

Which subtype of testicular germ cell tumours shows a lace-like pattern on histology

A

Yolk sac tumour

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16
Q

Name a rare testicular non-germ cell tumour that may present with precocious puberty in pre-pubertal boys ?

A

Leydig cell tumour

17
Q

List 3 testicular non-germ cell tumours ?

A

Lymphoma
Leydig cell tumour
Sertoli tumour

18
Q

Which type of urinary calculi are most common ?

A

Calcium oxalate

19
Q

List 2 causes of urate stones ?

A
  • Gout

- Chemotherapy

20
Q

What is the most common type of prostate cancer ?

A

adenocarcinoma

21
Q

Which 3 markers are raised in teratoma ?

A

AFP
HCG
LDH

22
Q

causes of the 3 types of stone

A

calcium oxalate (95%) - hypercalciuria

  • absorptive hypercalciuria - too much absorbed in gut
  • renal - impaired absorption in proximal renal tubule

magnesium ammonium phosphate (15%) - infection with urease-producing organisms (proteus)
- can be large (staghorn calculus)

uric acid (5%)- hyperuricemia 
- gout/rapid cell turnover (eg chemo)
23
Q

where do stones tend to lodge

A

pelvi-ureteric junction
pelvic brim
vesico-ureteric junction

large stones stay in the kidney and lead to:

  • obstruction
  • risk of infection
  • CKD
24
Q

list benign renal neoplasms

A

papillary adenoma
renal oncocytoma
angiomyolipoma

25
Q

features of papillary adenoma

A 
benign epithelial kidney tumour 
made of papillae/tubules 
= 15mm 
well-circumscribed
trisomy 7, 17, loss of chromosome Y
26
Q

features of renal oncocytoma

A

benign epithelial kidney tumour made of oncocytic cells
well circumscribed
sporadic
seen in birt-hogg-dube syndrome
usually incidental finding
oncocytes = large cells with pink granular cytoplasm and prominent nucleolus

27
Q

features of angiomyolipoma

A

benign mesencyhmal kidney tumour made of thick-walled bv, smooth muscle and fat
see in tuberous sclerosis
large tumours (>4cm) present with flank pain, haemorrhage and shock

28
Q

features of renal cell carcinomas

A

malignant epithelial kidney tumours
mainly presents with PAINLESS HAEMATURIA
subtypes = clear cell renal cell carcinoma, papillary renal cell carcinoma, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

29
Q

papillary renal cell carcinoma

A

> 15mm
trisomy 7, 17, loss of Y chromosome
type 1 - single layer of small flat cells
type 2 - stratification of the cells

30
Q

chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

A

sheets of large cells with distinct borders, reticular cytoplasm and a thick-walled vascular network
variable genetic abberations
well-circumscribed and solid brown

31
Q

nephroblastoma (wilm’s tumour)

A

malignant triphasic kidney tumour of childhood
presents as an abdominal mass aged 2-5 yrs
excellent prognosis

32
Q

features of urothelial carcinoma

A

aka transitional cell carcinoma
RF = smoking + aromatic amines
subtypes = non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, infiltrating urothelial carcinoma, flat urothelial carcinoma in situ

33
Q

features of BPH

A

benign enlargement of the prostate as a consequence of increased cell numbers
? increased oestrogen in the blood due to ageing - indices androgen receptors
presents with LUTS - FUND HIPS

34
Q

features of prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

malignant epithelial prostate tumour
most common malignant tumour in men
arises from prostatic intraepithelilal neoplasia
mutations include - PTEN, AMACR, GST-pi, p27
gleason score

35
Q

features of testicular germ cell tumours

A 
90% of testicular tumours
RF = undescended testes, low BW 
present as painless testicular lumps 
back pain, cough, dyspnoea 
types = seminoma, embryonal carcinoma post-pubertal teratoma, yolk sac tumour, choriocarcinoma (cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts)
36
Q

treatment for testicular germ cell tumours

A

platinum based chemotherapy

37
Q

name 3 testicular non germ-cell tumours

A

lymphoma
leydig cell tumour
sertoli cell tumour

38
Q

list 5 paratesticuar diseases

A 
epididymal cyst 
epididimitis - men <35 = c.trachomatis, N gonorrhoea 
varicocele 
hydrocele 
adenomatoid tumour

Year 5 path SW COPY (106 decks)

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