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Q

FRENCH REVOLUTION - PHILOSOPHES: MONTESQUIEU

EXTRA DETAILS
- BELIEF: Most effective form of GOVERNMENT is when there is a separation of powers between the EXECUTIVE the JUDICIARY and the LEGISLATIVE power.
= A radical concept: To promote individual liberty

A
  • BORN AND DIED (1689 - 1755)
  • Born into the aristocracy
  • Nobleman who shared many of the beliefs of aristocracy
  • The Spirit of the Laws:
  • Absolute government was suited only to large empires with hot climates
  • Democracy was only workable in small city states
  • Despotism emerged from systems of absolute government
  • Power should be DIVIDED between the monarch and other bodes in the state (Parlements and the provincial states)… Limit the power of the monarch (inspired by Britain’s constitution)
  • Supported constitutional monarchy
2
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FRENCH REVOLUTION - PHILOSOPHES: ROUSSEAU

EXTRA DETAILS

  • Critical of ‘civilization’ - only concerned with their appearance
  • Arts and sciences aren’t beneficial
  • Popular Sovereignty: Power comes from the people
  • Government should serve the people

THE SOCIAL CONTRACT (1762)

  • Man is born free, and yet everywhere he is in chains
  • Believe that the vote of the majority would determine the law
  • PAGE 61
A
  • BORN AND DIED (1712 - 1778)
  • Emphasized the emotion and the good essence of nature
  • Argued that modern society is ARTIFICIAL and CORRUPT. All, it could not make people happy.
  • Civilization itself was the source of all evil
  • A man was spontaneous, honest and free; thus, the idea of ‘noble savage’ was born.
  • Civilized people are wearer of masks and reality is always replaced by appearance.
  • ‘Man no longer dares to appear what he is’
  • Viewed property as one of the ‘chains’ which imprisoned the ‘civilized’ person… Believed that property was the root cause of social ills.
3
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FRENCH REVOLUTION - PHILOSOPHES: VOLTAIRE

EXTRA DETAILS

  • With great power comes great responsibility
  • Ordinary people should have no influence
  • Questions society’s ability to have no influence
  • Anti-Semitic and racist
A
  • BORN AND DIED (1694 - 1778)
  • Championing of free speech and religious toleration and the supremacy of reason and over superstition
  • “A thin, skill-like smile that sneered at everything sacred: religion, love, patriotism, censorship”
  • Freedom of religion and toleration
  • Deplored the power of the Catholic Church (RESTRICTS FREE THOUGHT / CORRUPTED)
  • Demonstrated these beliefs by his involvement in the case of jean Calas (1698 - 1762)
  • “If men are to deserve tolerance, they must begin by not being fanatics”
    Believed that fanaticism was expressed essentially by religious or racial persecution, the two great curses of civilization’