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Final > Host-Microbe Interactions-- Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Host-Microbe Interactions-- Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define host

A

Where the pathogen lives

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2
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

The ability to cause a disease

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3
Q

Define virulence

A

The degree of pathogenicity

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4
Q

Define etiology

A

The study of the causing of the disease

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5
Q

Define predisposing factor

A

Anything that makes the body more susceptible to disease or alters the course of the disease

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6
Q

Define pathogenesis

A

Course of the disease (The manner in which a disease develops)

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7
Q

What is an example of a predisposing factor

A

The female anatomy making females more susceptible to UTIs

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8
Q

Define primary infection

A

First infection (acute infection that causes initial illness)

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9
Q

Define secondary infection

A

Caused by opportunistic pathogen as a result of primary infection

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10
Q

Define opportunistic infection

A

The disease of opportunity (low immunity or incurrent location)

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11
Q

Define subclinical. Infection

A

No noticeable disease; no symptoms

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12
Q

Define localized

A

An infection in one area

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13
Q

Define systemic infection

A

And infection throughout the whole body

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14
Q

What does it mean to colonize

A

To stay on the surface (skin or mucous membranes)

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15
Q

How do bugs invade tissues

A
  1. Breaching external barriers
    - skin via cuts or wounds
    - mucous membranes via uptake methods undergoing endocytosis
    - spread in tissues or bloodstreams
    - use enzymes or toxins
  2. Spread in tissues or bloodstream
    - use enzymes or toxins
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16
Q

What is the pathogenesis of an acute infection

A

Incubation period –> illness –> convalescence

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17
Q

Why is an acute infection short term

A

The pathogen is eliminated by the host defenses; person is usually immune to reinfection

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18
Q

What is the incubation period

A

Where you have it but you’re not sick yet and not quite showing yet. can still spread to others

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19
Q

What is the illness period

A

Where you’re having the signs and symptoms, you’re still able to spread your disease. Most of the time, symptoms help spread it

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20
Q

What is convalescence period

A

When you’re getting better. A lot of the time you build immunity

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21
Q

Define chronic infection

A

The illness persists over a long time period

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22
Q

What is the pathogenesis of chronic infection

A

Incubation period –> illness (long-lasting)

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23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the latent infection

A

Incubation period–> illness –> convalescence–> latency –> reccurrence

24
Q

What are the steps you need to establish an infection

A

Adhere, colonize or invade, avoid host defenses, damage hosts

25
Q

List the steps to establish in infection with the definition

A

Adhere- has to stick, colonize– Lives in the surface, invade – get deep into your tissue, avoid host defenses – just until it can make more of itself until it can go to another host

26
Q

What happens when the disease adheres

A

Attaches to specific receptors on hosts

27
Q

What happens when the disease colonizes or invades

A

Colonize surfaces, invade deeper tissues– Breach external barriers and spread in tissues or bloodstream

28
Q

What is bacteremia

A

Bacteria in the blood

29
Q

Define toxemia

A

Toxins in the blood

30
Q

Define viremia

A

Virus in the blood

31
Q

Define fungemia

A

Fungi in the blood

32
Q

Define parastemia

A

Parasites in the blood

33
Q

What is sepsis

A

Systemwide inflammation to micro organisms and their toxins in the blood

34
Q

What is sepsis shock

A

Blood pressure drops in response to sepsis

35
Q

What are ways bug damage the host

A

– Lysis of the Host cell

  • induce immune response towards self
  • intoxication
36
Q

What are virulence factors

A

What makes the “Bad bugs” Bad

37
Q

What are the factor of adherence the bugs needs in order to stick to you

A

Surface structures, capsules, pili, spikes

38
Q

What are the two major types of bacterial toxins

A

Exotoxins and endotoxins

39
Q

Endotoxins are in which type of bacteria

A

Gram-negative

40
Q

Where are endotoxins found in the bacteria

A

Cell wall (released when bacteria is destroyed and cell wall falls apart)

41
Q

Are there vaccines for endotoxins

A

No, must allow patient to flush out their system on their own

42
Q

In which type of bacteria are exotoxins found

A

Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

43
Q

What are exotoxins

A

Proteins

44
Q

Why are they called exotoxins

A

Secreted outside the cell into the body or into food that is ingested

45
Q

Do you amount an immune response against exotoxins

A

Yes however the immune response doesn’t help you because the talks and acts before anti-bodies can be made
-slow response = get damaged before the immune response happens

46
Q

What can be done to prevent exotoxins

A

Pre-exposure: toxoid vaccines
-tetanus and diphtheria
Postexposure: antitoxins

47
Q

What are some examples of exotoxins

A

Botulism and tetanus

48
Q

Name the bacteria that causes botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

49
Q

What is the name of the toxin made by clostridium botulinum

A

Botulinum exotoxin

50
Q

Where is clostridium botulinum found

A

In soil; forms endospores

51
Q

How do you get botulism

A

Canned foods, deep puncture wounds, honey – infants

52
Q

What does botulinum exotoxin do at the neuromuscular junction

A

Flaccid paralysis – blocks acetylcholine inhibiting muscle contractions

53
Q

How is flaccid paralysis and tetanus treated

A

Antitoxin, antibiotics, supportive care

54
Q

What is the first sign of tetanus that you see

A

Lockjaw

55
Q

What does tetanospasmin exotoxin do at the neuromuscular junction

A

Binds to inhibitory interneurons, preventing release of glycine and relaxation of the muscle
Causes a constant release of acetylcholine
Causes rigid paralysis – constant contraction of skeletal muscle

56
Q

How can you prevent Tetanus

A

Tetanus vaccine (booster every 10 years,)

57
Q

Define pathogen

A

Organism or agent causing disease

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