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1
Q

What percantage of GHG emissions beyond a safe limit are western nations responsible for?

A

92% of GHG emissions beyond a safe limit.

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2
Q

What percantage of GHG emissions beyond a safe limit are the global south responsible for?

A

8%

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3
Q

How much wealth is controlled by the richest 0.7% of the population?

A

46%

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4
Q

How much wealth is controlled by the richest 30%?

A

97%

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5
Q

Energy use in richer countries

A
  • The world’s wealthiest 5% use more energy than the poorest half of the global population combined.
  • Global north uses almost 10x more energy per capita than low-income countries
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6
Q

What kinds of footprints are there?

A
  • Employment
  • Land
  • Emissions
  • Consumer-based
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7
Q

Who are thr largest emitters of CO2?

A

China, United States, EU27, India, Russia and Japan are the world’s largest CO2 emitters.

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8
Q

What percentage of global GHG emissions do the highest emitting countires contribute?

A
  • Together they account for ~66% of global fossil fuel consumption
  • ~68% of global CO2 emissions.
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9
Q

What is the homogenisation of global diets?

A
  • As GDP increased countries eat more fatty, red meat and larger quantities (empty calories)
  • global diets become the same (homogenised)
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10
Q

What is crop homogenisation?

A

Regions are more diverse but global systems become homogenised

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11
Q

How many people are food insecure globally?

A

An estimated 343 million people are currently food insecure WFP 2025

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12
Q

how many species do we eat gloablly?

A
  • 90% of plant global calorie consumption is from 15 species
  • 60% from rice, maize, wheat and sugar
  • Similar with animals
  • 76% of global protein supply is from 3 species - pig, chicken, cow
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13
Q

What is the problem with low diversity diets?

A

Reduced nutrients - puts strains on human health, more deaths associated with obesity than malnutrition WHO, 2017

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14
Q

Which countries are threatened with food insecurity due to conflict and geopolitics?

A
  • Sudan, south sudan, yemen, ukraine, syria, the democratic republic of congo etc
  • 100% of people in Gaza face acute levels of food insecurity WFP 2025
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15
Q

Which countries are threatened with food insecurity because of the climate crisis?

A
  • Low-income countries are impacted the most
  • Countries such as Bangladesh, Somalia and others within central Sahel and Southern africa
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16
Q

Why is Sudan a humanitarian issue?

A

Sudan has been declared as the world’s largest humanitarian crisis with famine confirmed in 10 areas

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17
Q

What causes just under half of deaths in children under 5 in Africa?

A

micronutrient deficiencies

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18
Q

Why are blue foods an answer to micronutrient deficiencies?

A

Many aquatic foods are richer than beef, lamb, chicken or pork in:

  • omega-3,
  • vitamins A and B12,
  • calcium,
  • iodine,
  • iron
  • zinc

Golden, 2021

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19
Q

Micronutrients that are common deficiencies?

A

iron, zinc, calcium, iodine, folate, vitamins A, B12 and D

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20
Q

Who would benefit from nutrient intake?

A
  • Older people would benefit from increased iron in Kiribati and the Republic of the Congo
  • Children would experience large benefits increased calcium due to increased AASF consumption in myanmar, vietnam and cambodia
  • Golden, 2021
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21
Q

What is AASF?

A

Aquatic Animal-Source Food

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22
Q

Which farmed blue foods have the lowest environmental stressors?

A

Bivalves and seaweeds

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23
Q

Which blue foods generate the highets emissions?

A

flatfish and crustaceans

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24
Q

what percentage? of global fisheries harvest (capture and aquaculture is lost/wasted every year?

25
What are the 9 planetary boundaries of doughnut economics?
1. Ozone layer depletion 2. Climate change 3. Ocean acidification 4. Chemical pollution 5. Nitrogen and phosphorous loading 6. Freshwater withdrawals 7. Land conversion 8. Biodiversity loss 9. Air pollution
26
What are the 12 social foundations of doughnut economics?
1. Water 2. Food 3. Health 4. Education 5. Income/work 6. Peace/justice 7. Political voice 8. Social equity 9. Gender equality 10. Housing 11. Networks 12. Energy
27
Poverty and pollution
* 80% of people exposed to unsafe concentrations of pollutants were from low/middle income countries * Rentschler (2023)
28
Land footprint - EU consumption ?
>50% of EU consumption of cropland, grazing and forest land takes places in other countries
29
What percentage of crop calories are fed to livestock?
40%
30
What does the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet propose?
* 50% reduction in less healthy foods (meat/sugar) * 50% increase in consumptopn of healthy foods (veg, fruit, legumes etc) * Transition to a more plant-based diet
31
What is wrong with the EAT-lancet planetary health diet?
* No one-size fits all for global diets * Unrealistic for some communities e.g. Kenya - arid lands = reliance on animal products * Does not account for affordability - healthy diets are unaffordable for 1.58bn people *
32
Countries in the global North?
* Japan * US * EU * Australasia * Central Asia
33
Countries in the global South?
* South America * central America * south Asia * southeast Asia * East Asia * Middle East * Africa
34
What is a sustainable future?
A future where environmental, social and economic systems are in balance, ensuring the well-being of current and furture populations
35
What is social justice?
* Everyone deserves equal economic, political and social rights and opportunities. * Justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society.
36
How is crude oil refinment in the Niger Delta impacting food security?
Activities of artisanal crude oil refiners are: * Harming the vegetation cover * Altering the physicochemical and microbial composition of the soil * Loss of arable farmlands * Releasing hydrocarbons into the environment, which are absorbed by vegetation leading to an increase in human and biodiversity contamination * Richard, 2022
37
Who buys crude oil from the Niger Delta?
* Big coporations such as Shell * Countries such as US and India
38
Niger Delta - Crude oil
Produces the most amount of oil in Africa
39
What is artisanal crude oil refining?
* Transformation of stolen crude into lowquality petroleum products * Richard 2022
40
how ecologically damaging is artisanal crude oil refining?
* Significantly more severe than the damage that is generated by the legitimate exploration of oil reserves. * Richard, 2022
41
How are activities of artisinal crude oil refining affecting soils in the Niger Delta?
* Polluting the soil with hydrocarbon components * Quality of the soil decline * Increased leaching and erosion * Agricultural production has decreased * Increasing food insecurity of local communities * Richard, 2022
42
Where is the Niger Delta?
Province in Nigeria
43
Sectors of the blue economy
1. Tourism and recreation 2. Fisheries & aquaculture 3. Ocean mining & extraction 4. marine biotechnology 5. Maritime transport 6. offshore renewable energy 7.
44
Bangladesh blue economy in relation to SDGs vs developed countries
* Bangladesh aligns its blue economy with 12 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) * Developed countries connect with only six SDGs. * Islam, 2024
45
Potential benefits of seaweed farming for bangladesh
* Reflect on 26 targets of 8 SDGs * food security * gender equality * economic growth * nutrients removal * carbon sequestration * employment * aquatic environmental health. * Hossain, 2021
46
How much money could seaweed farming potentially bring into bangladesh
* Potentially contribute US$0.7 million to the blue economy in Bangladesh. * Hossain, 2021
47
how does seaweed aquaculture benefit the environment
* Extract nutrients from water (purify surrounding water) * Removed nitrogen ans phosphorus - mitigating eutrophication * Removed organic pollutants, heavy metals and pathogens * Hossain, 2021
48
How can seaweed aquaculture help mitigate climate change?
* Protect shores from erosion (CC adaptation) * Elevate pH and O2 supply - reducing ocean acidification * CO2 scavengers - mitigates atmospheric CO2 * Hossain, 2021
49
benefits of seaweed farming compared to land-based agriculture?
* No need for fresh water or arable land * No fertilization (in most cases)
50
Who and how much of the aquatic plant industry is dominated by?
China and Indonesia who together produce 91% of the world market supply
51
Deficiencies, nutrients and regions
* Caribbean - Calcium deficiencies (fish caught here have high calcium conc.) * A number of Asian and African countries have iron/zinc deficiencies (fish caught here have high conc.)
52
What do omega-3 fatty acids help with
Brain and eye health - key for development
53
What is the relationship between Transhumant pastoralists and sedentary agriculturalists in western Africa? | Mcguirk, 2024
Transhumant pastoralists benefit from a cooperative relationship with sedentary agriculturalists whereby arable land is used for farming in the wet season and grazing in the dry season.
54
Why is the cooperative relationship betwee Transhumant pastoralists and sedentary agriculturalists threatned? | Mcguirk, 2024
* Low rainfall mean early migration onto agriculture land * Resource competition * Conflict between groups arises * Religious quarrels
55
Indigenous practices that help mitigate the effects of climate change
* Cultural burning: Aboriginal Australians (mitigates wildfires) * The Milpa system: Centries old agro-forestry technique - Central America (helps maintain food security)
56
The risk of being affected by weather-related natural disasters is?
approximately 80 times greater in developing countries than it is in developed countries
57
Who was affected the most by Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans?
* Hurricane was stronger due to warmer waters in gulf of mexico adding (due to climate change). * Poor communities and people of colour most affected * Rich people were lifted out via hellicopters that landed on roofs of private hospitals *
58
UN: Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) definition of food security
“all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”

Human Planet (3 decks)

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