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PSYC 1105 > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the key debate in human development?

A

Nature vs Nurture

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2
Q

What is a Qualitative shift?

A

A significant developmental jump.

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3
Q

What is a Quantitative shift?

A

A more gradual developmental growth.

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4
Q

What is a critical period?

A

A hardstuck stage.

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5
Q

What is a sensitive period?

A

Important but less set in stone than critical.

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6
Q

What are the two kinds of study for developmental growth?

A

Cross-sectional and longitudinal.

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7
Q

What is a cohort-sequential design study?

A

Blended cross-sectional and longitudinal research, designed to look at both how individuals from different age groups compare to one another and also follow them over time.

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8
Q

What are the different ways a a trait can express itself?

A

One of them can dominate, there can be a mixture, both can be expressed separately.

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9
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype is your parent’s genetic contribution and phenotype is how it expresses.

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10
Q

What is temperament?

A

A biologically-based tendency to respond to certain situations in a similar way throughout our lifetimes.

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11
Q

What are the three different temperaments?

A

Easy, Difficult, Slow to warm up.

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12
Q

What is a discrete trait?

A

Trait that results as the product of a single gene pairing.

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13
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

Trait that manifests as the result of the contribution of multiple genes.

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14
Q

What does prenatal conception begin with?

A

Conception making a single cell called a zygote.

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15
Q

What is the stage 2 weeks after conception?

A

The Germinal stage

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16
Q

What is the stage from 2-8 weeks?

A

Embryonic stage

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17
Q

What happens during the embryonic stage?

A

Most of the major systems of the body begin to take shape, the fetus is most vulnerable.

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18
Q

What is the Rooting Reflex?

A

Infant begins to suck stimulation.

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19
Q

What is the grasping reflex?

A

Infant grasps a finger.

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20
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

Infant swings arm to grab something when head loses support.

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21
Q

What is the Babinski reflex?

A

Infant toes spread when tickled.

22
Q

What is a newborn’s least developed sense?

A

Vision.

23
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Brain grows an excess of synapses and only maintains wthose with consistent connections.

24
Q

At what stage does the placenta begin to grow?

A

Germinal stage.

25
Q

What is the key part of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

A

Schemata, which are mental frameworks of understanding and thinking about the world.

26
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Intergrating a new piece of information into an already existing schema.

27
Q

What characterizes the sensorimotor stage?

A

“Thinks” by using sense and motor skills, no thought beyond immediate experience.

28
Q

What ages is the sensorimotor stage?

A

Birth to age 2

29
Q

What characterizes the preoperational stage

A

Able to hold ideas of objects in imagination, unable to consider another’s point of view or distinguish between cause and effect. DOES NOT UNDERSTAND CONSERVATION

30
Q

What ages is the preoperational stage?

A

Ages 2-7

31
Q

What characterizes the concrete operational stage?

A

Can think about complex relationships (cause and effect, categorization); understands conservation; unable to think abstractly or hypothetically.

32
Q

What ages is the preoperational stage?

A

7-11

33
Q

What characterizes the formal operational stage?

A

Child is able to think abstractly and hypothetically.

34
Q

What is accomodation?

A

Child modifies or create new schema to fit stimulus.

35
Q

When does a child develop object permanence?

A

During the sensorimotor stage, at about 8 months old.

36
Q

Is cognitive development based on qualitative or quantitative shifts?

A

Quantitative.

37
Q

What are the three but also four basic types of attachment?

A

Secure, anxious/avoidant, anxious/ambivalent, disorganized/disoriented

38
Q

What did Bowlby suggest?

A

Gnat early attachment experiences help people created an internal working model of the world.

39
Q

What affects attachment?

A

Parenting styles.

40
Q

What effect does an authoritative parenting style have on the child?

A

High self esteem, cooperativeness, self-control, social maturity.

41
Q

What effect does authoritarian parenting have on the child?

A

Low self esteem, anxious, unhappy, often angry or aggressive.

42
Q

What does a permissive parenting style have on a child?

A

Impulsive, disobedient, overly dependent on adults, low initiative.

43
Q

What does an uninvolved parenting style have on a child?

A

Anxious poor communication skills, antisocial behaviour.

44
Q

What is a major drawback of the preoperational stage?

A

Irreversibility.

45
Q

What limits concrete operations?

A

Children are limited in understanding ideas in terms of real world relationships

46
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

The gap between what a child could accomplish alone and what the child can accomplish with help.

47
Q

What is scaffolding.

A

The child’s mentor progressively letting the child have more and more control over their development

48
Q

What is the purpose of private speech?

A

To regulate behaviour and internal experiences.

49
Q

What are the 3 stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

Preconvential, conventional, postconventional.

50
Q

Where does principal development occur during adolescence?

A

In the prefrontal cortex.

PSYC 1105 (7 decks)

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