human development infancy and childhood

Question 1

describe teratogens and their effect on pre-natal development

Answer 1

three stages of development in utero

1. germinal - first 2 weeks after conception
2. embryonic - 2-8 weeks after conception
3. fetal - 2 months after conception til birth

Teratogens are agents that cuase birth defects - dose time of exposure and genetic susceptibiility influence severity

*in early development, teratogens effect development - in later developer teratogens affect function *

Question 2

what is the cephaocaudal trend? what does it refer to?

Answer 2

head to foot direction of motor development

Question 3

what is the proximodistal divelopment? what does it refer to?

Answer 3

center - outward direction of motor development

Question 4

what are the four first stages of erickson’s eight life-span stages ?

Answer 4

1. trust vs. mistrust - is my world predictable and supportive?
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt- can i do things myself?
3. initiative vs. guilt - am I good or bad?
4. industry vs. inferiority - am I competent or am I worthless?

Question 5

what years does trust vs. mistrust fall into

Answer 5

0-1 year - complete dependence on adults for basic needs - if the basic needs are met they are trusting, optimistic - if the basic needs are poorly met= mistrusting and insecure

Question 6

what years do ericksons stage 2 fall into?

Answer 6

age 2-3 years autonomy vs, shame and doubt

• coincides with toilet training -

positive encouragement from parents = sense of autonomy/self-sufficiency

parents dissatisfied = with constant child-parent conflict = sense of personal shame and self-doubt

Question 7

what years does erikson’s stage 3 encompass?

Answer 7

initiative vs. guilt age 3-6 years - challenge is to function socially

• child makes effort to integrate- develops sense of own initiatve and self-confidence grows

child only focused on their own needs- family conflict= feelings of guilt

Question 8

what years does erickson’s tage 4 encompass?

Answer 8

age 6-12 years - industry vs. inferiority

function socially beyond family? competence or incompetence?

Question 9

what are the characteristics of secure attachment?

Answer 9

as child = able to separate from parent, seek comfort from parents when frightened, return of parents = positive emotion , prefers parents over strangers

as adults = trusting/lasting relationships, tend to have good self esteem, comfortable sharing feelings with friends and partners, seek out emotional support

70% of infants

Question 10

what are the characteristics of ambivalent attachment ?

Answer 10

as children

may be wary of strangers, become greatly distressed when the parent leaves, do not appear to be comforted by return of parent

as adults

reluctant to become close to others, worry that their partner does not love them, become very distraugt when a relationship ends

15% of infants

Question 11

what are the characteristics of avoidant attachment?

Answer 11

as children

may avoid parents, does not seek much comfort or contact from parents, and shows little or no preference between parent and stranger

as adults

may have problems with intimacy, invest little emotion in social and romantic relationships, and unable or unwilling to share thoughts and feelings with others

Question 12

when does separation anxiety emerge in children?

Answer 12

between 6-8 months

Question 13

what is temperament?

Answer 13

part of the personality which is genetically based

Question 14

what are the three types of temperament?

Answer 14

1. easy/flexible - calm/happy- regular sleeping and eating habits, positive mood and interested in new experiences
2. difficult/active/feisty - fussy, irregular in feeding and sleeping habits, low adaptability, fearful of new people or situations, easily upset
3. slow/warm/cautious - relatively inactive, reflective, tend to withdraw or react more negatively to novelty - reactions become more positive with experience
4. or can be a combination

Question 15

what are piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

Answer 15

1. sensorimotor period- birth to 2 yr.- explore sensory input
2. preoperational period - 2-7 years - develop symbolic thought and decentration/egocentrism
3. concrete operational period - 7-11 yrs. - mental operations applied to concrete events - mastery of conservation/hierarchical classifications
4. formal operational period - 11-adulthood - mental operations applied to abstract ideas

Question 16

what are the thinking processes that piaget says are part of cognitive development?

Answer 16

assimilation = interpret new experience with existing mental structures

accomodation - change mental structures in response to new experiences

Question 17

when does a child develop object permanence?

Answer 17

at 10 months approx - during sensorimotor period

Question 18

what characteristic thinking is part of the preoperational stage of development?

Answer 18

• centration - focus on one feature of problem ignoring important aspects
• irreversibility - inability to reverse an action
• egocentrism - limited ability to share another’s viewpoint
• animism - all things are living

Question 19

what concepts are mastered in the concrete operational period?

Answer 19

reversitibility

decentration

decline in egocentrism

*begin to understand conservation*

Question 20

How to children interpret illness at each of piaget’s stages?

Answer 20

• 0-2 yr. preoperational- child gives irrelevant answers or evades the question
• 3-5 yr. preoperational - phenomenism - particular objects are believed to cause illness i.e) people get colds from the sun
• 5-7 yr. preoperational - contagion - illness caused by objects or people who are proximat to - i.e) you get measles by walking near people
• 8-9 years - concrete operational = contamination - illness caused by physical contact with an ill person i.e) can have multiple cuases like contact with dirt or doing something bad like taking coat off outside
• 9-11 yrs- concrete operational - internalisation - illness is a problem within the body but may be caused from external factors internalised by swallowing or inhaling

Question 21

what percent of mothers are affected by post-partum depression?

Answer 21

13%

increased rated for mothers of pre-term infants and multiple births

Question 22

what is the DSM5 diagnosis of post partum depression?

Answer 22

2 weeks of dysphoric mood or lack of interest or pleasure in usual activites plus

4 or more of the following

• appetite disturbance
• sleep disturbance
• psychomotor activation or retardation
• fatigue or loss of energy
• feelings of worthlessness or excessiv guilt
• impaired concentration
• suicidal ideation

Question 23

what are significant predictors of PPD ?

Answer 23

1. prenatal depression
2. low self-esteem
3. childcare stress
4. prenatal anxiety
5. life stress
6. low social support
7. poor marital relationship
8. history of depression
9. difficult infant temperament
10. maternity blues
11. single marital status
12. unplanned pregnancy
13. low socioeconomic status