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Bio🧪 > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

The way an organism obtains and uses food

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2
Q

Autotrophic (eg)

A

Organism that makes its own food (e.g. plants - photosynthesis)

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3
Q

Heterotrophic (eg)

A

Organism that can’t make its own food

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4
Q

Digestion

A

The physical and chemical breakdown of food

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5
Q

need for digestion

A

Breakdown large food particles until they’re small enough to pass into body cells

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6
Q

need for digestive system

A

digest food in single location, individual cells don’t have to contain full range of digestive enzymes

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7
Q

main stages of digestion

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
egestion

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8
Q

ingestion

A

Food taken into alimentary canal

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9
Q

digestion

A

Food broken down into smaller soluble pieces

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10
Q

absorption

A

Movement of digested food from alimentary canal into blood system

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11
Q

egestion

A

Removal of unabsorbed material as faeces

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12
Q

methods for mechanical breakdown of food

A

teeth
contractions in stomach wall
peristalsis

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13
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of muscular action in walls of alimentary canal moving contents along

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14
Q

what stimulates peristalsis

A

fibre

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15
Q

teeth & use

A

incisors - cutting
canines - tearing
pre molars & molars - crushing/grinding

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16
Q

dental formula

A

2(I 2/2 - C 1/1 - PM 2/2 - M 3/3)

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17
Q

amount of teeth in child and adult

A

adult - 32
child - 20

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18
Q

length of oesophagus

A

muscular tube 25cm long

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19
Q

location of oesophagus

A

connects pharynx to stomach

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20
Q

Function of oesophagus

A

Food moves down the oesophagus by peristalsis

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21
Q

Stomach shape

A

J shape muscular bag

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22
Q

Functions of stomach

A

-Stores food for about four hours -churns and mixes food with gastric juice forming chyme
-digests food

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23
Q

Mechanical digestion in the stomach

A

peristalsis

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24
Q

Chemical digestion in the stomach

A

Use of gastric juice containing: mucus, HCL & pepsinogen

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25
Q

Mucus

A

Lines and protects stomach wall

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26
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

-Kills bacteria
-activates pepsinogen (i.e. pepsin)

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27
Q

Pepsinogen

A

-activates enzyme pepsin due to hydrochloric acid
-pepsin converts proteins into peptides

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28
Q

Cardiac sphincter muscle

A

Circular muscle which contracts to close entry from oesophagus to stomach

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29
Q

Pyloric sphincter muscle

A

Circular muscle which contracts to close entry from stomach to duodenum

30
Q

length of small intestine

A

5 - 6m long

31
Q

Function of small intestine

A

digestion & absorption

32
Q

Parts of small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

33
Q

length of duodenum

A

25cm

34
Q

Function of duodenum

A

digestion

35
Q

Function of jejunum and ileum

A

absorb nutrients

36
Q

adaptations for absorption

A

Long tube = gives time for absorption
Villi = Increase surface area available for absorption of digested food

37
Q

Villi

A

Infoldings in lining of small intestine

38
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

-Reabsorbs water
-produces B group vitamins
-digest cellulose

39
Q

How are functions in large intestine carried out?

A

by symbiotic bacteria

40
Q

Symbiosis

A

Relationship between two organisms where at least one organism benefits

41
Q

Mutualistic symbiosis

A

Relationship between organisms where both benefit

42
Q

Symbiotic bacteria

A

Obtain food and place to live from humans

43
Q

Functions of symbiotic bacteria in humans

A

Produce vitamin B and digest cellulose

44
Q

Functions of caecum and appendix

A

Unknown in humans

45
Q

Rectum

A

Stores faeces

46
Q

Functions of the liver (5)

A

-Produces bile
-detoxifies body (alcohol and drugs)
-breaks down dead red blood cells
-stores vitamins
-produces heat to warm blood (respiration)

47
Q

Bile (colour)

A

yellow-green liquid

48
Q

bile (location)

A

-stored in gall bladder
-enters duodenum through bile duct

49
Q

Bile consists of

A
  • water
  • bile salts
  • bile pigments
50
Q

Functions of bile

A

-Neutralises acidic chyme from stomach
-Emulsifies fats (increases the surface area of fat droplets)

51
Q

Functions of the pancreas (ie)

A

-Produces insulin (regulates blood sugar level)
-Production of enzymes (i.e. amylase lipase)

52
Q

Benefits of dietary fibre

A

-Stimulates peristalsis in colon
-Prevents constipation

53
Q

Constipation

A

When undigested material passes through colon too quickly

54
Q

Enzymes involved in digestion

A

-amylase
-pepsin
-lipase

55
Q

Role of salivary amylase

A

Digest starch

56
Q

Production site of salivary amylase

A

Salivary glands

57
Q

Where does salivary amylase act?

A

Mouth

58
Q

PH of salivary amylase in the mouth

A

8 (alkaline)

59
Q

Digestion product of salivary amylase

A

Maltose

60
Q

Role of pepsin

A

Digest protein

61
Q

Production site of pepsin

A

Gastric glands in stomach wall

62
Q

Where does pepsin act?

A

Stomach

63
Q

PH of pepsin in mouth

A

2 (acidic)

64
Q

Digestion products of pepsin

A

Peptides

65
Q

Role of lipase

A

Digest fat

66
Q

Production site of lipase

A

Pancreas

67
Q

Where does lipase act?

A

duodenum

68
Q

PH of lipase in mouth

A

8 (alkaline)

69
Q

Digestion products of lipase

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

70
Q

Features of a balanced diet

A

-Must contain all necessary food types in correct proportions
-food types must be eaten in moderation

71
Q

Food type is necessary for a balanced diet (7)

A

Water, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, minerals, lipid, fibre

72
Q

Factors that affect food intake

A

-Age
-gender
-activity levels

Bio🧪 (13 decks)

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