Human Reproduction Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Define reproduction
A
Make more organisms or living things. Formation of new individuals
2
Q
Why do all living things reproduce?
A
To make more individuals of the same type or species.
3
Q
Why is it essential to reproduce?
A
The animals do not become extinct
4
Q
Define extinct
A
Species has died out completely and there are no living member left
5
Q
What does reproduction ensure?
A
Continuation or survival of species
6
Q
What are the two ways of reproduction?
A
- Asexual
- Sexual
7
Q
What is asexual reproduction?
A
Without the use of sex cells
8
Q
How do you know that it is sexual reproduction?
A
Has to have two parents
9
Q
What are male reproductive organs?
A
Penis, sperm duct, testes, scrotum, urethra
10
Q
What is the functions of the male reproductive system?
A
- Make and store sperm
- Place sperm in female
- Secrete sex hormones
11
Q
What is the function of the penis?
A
Place sperm inside female
12
Q
What happens when the penis is erect?
A
Penis is swollen and extra blood is pumped - releases semen in penis
13
Q
Define ejaculation
A
rapid release of semen from penis
14
Q
What is the sperm duct also known as?
A
Vas deferents
15
Q
What is the sperm duct?
A
Tube that carries semen from testes to penis
16
Q
What does the testes produce?
A
Sperm and make sex hormone
17
Q
What is the male sex hormone?
A
Testosterone
18
Q
Define sex hormone
A
Chemical that carries messages in the body
19
Q
Where is the testes found?
A
Outside of body in scrotum
20
Q
What is the scrotum?
A
Bag of skin that holds the testes outside of the body
21
Q
Why is the scrofula outside of the body?
A
Keep the balls at a temperature, that is slightly cooler than the body temperature
22
Q
Why is the scornful suitable for the balls?
A
Suitable for making sperm - lower than 36°
23
Q
What is the urethra?
A
Tube that carries semen and urine
24
Q
Does the urethra carry semen and urine at the same time?
A
Never at the same time
25
What does the male gland release?
Fluids that is good for the sperm
26
What is the function of the fluids that are released by the male gland?
Provide the correct substances for the sperm to survive and swim to the egg
27
What does the pre-ejaculate released by the male gland do?
Cleans and lubricates the urethra
28
When does the production of sperm start?
During puberty
29
Where does the path of the sperm start?
2 testes outside of the body, produces sperm cells (36°)
30
Where are sperm cells stored?
In the epididymis, attracted to one side of the testes
31
What does sperm travel through?
Sperm duct or vas deferens, where it mixes with fluids from the male gland
32
Define semen
Mixture of sperm and fluid
33
Where does the sperm duct transport the sperm to?
From testes to penis
34
What does the prostate gland secrete?
Fluid that provides the sperm with glucose - energy for respiration
35
Where does the urethra tube run through?
Penis
36
What does the urethra transports?
Urine and semen to exterior
37
Where does the penis deposits the sperm?
Into female
38
What does the erection enable?
The release of semen into the vagina
39
What is another name for sexual intercourse?
Copulation
40
Flow diagram of path of sperm
Testes -> vas deferens -> urethra -> exterior
41
What is another name fir the excretory system?
Uro-genital system
42
What does uro mean?
Urinary is excretion
43
Where does urine come from?
Kidneys
44
What does genital?
Male reproductive system
45
What is the common urethra?
Connect bladder to exterior
46
What is the excretory made of?
Different organs that work together to remove nitrogenous waste (urine)
47
Path of excretion
Renalar artery -> Kidney -> Renal Veins -> urethra -> ureter
48
What does the renalar artery enter?
Enter kidney - unpurified blood
49
Define reproduction
Make more organisms or living things. Formation of new individuals
50
What does the Renal veins do?
Purify his blood
51
What does the urethra and ureter do in the excretion?
Conduct urine
52
How is the bladder connected to the exterior?
Urethra opening
53
What does the urethra do in the excretion?
Stores urine from the kidney
54
What is the tail in the sperm?
Flagellum to swim to reach ovum - sperm motility
55
What is the midpiece in the sperm?
Many mitochondria release E, from glucose to bate
56
What is the nucleus in the sperm?
all paternal genetic material. contains DNA
57
What is the aerosome in the sperm?
Digestive enzyme to enter ovum
58
What are the reproductive organs for a female?
Vagina, uterus, ovaries, oviducts or fallopian tubes
59
Are the functions of the female reproductive system?
* provide suitable conditions for unborn fetus
* produce a female sex cell
* secrete female hormones
60
What are the two results of the female reproductive system?
Pregnancy and no pregnancy
61
What is pregnancy?
Keeps the lining in place for gestation (progesterone levels increase). No more ovum produced
62
What is not being pregnant?
Lining breaks down and sheds - progesterone levels decrease
63
What is the vagina?
Muscular tube also called the birth canal that opens to the outside
64
What does the vagina receive?
Penis
65
What does the vagina enable?
Rose of a baby
66
What does the vagina lead to?
Cervix
67
What is the uterus?
Hollow and thick muscular wall
68
What is the uterus the site of?
Site of place where baby grows
69
What is the uterus also known as?
Womb
70
What is the lining inside the uterus called? What is it useful?
Endometrium and the walls contract and relax
71
What do the ovaries do?
Releases an egg once a month
72
What does the ovaries produce?
Sex hormones
73
What does the ovary store?
Undeveloped ova from birth
74
What does the fallopian tubes carry the egg from?
From the ovary to the uterus
75
When does fertilisation occur?
When sperm meets the egg
76
What is it called when the nucleus' of the sperm and egg fuse?
Zygote
77
Where can fertilisation occur
Only occur in fallopian tubes
78
What is the type of hair is is the fallopian tube is lined with?
cilia hairs
79
What does the cilia hairs do?
Move Megalong
80
What is the cervix?
Opening to uterus
81
What is the cervix also called?
Neck of the womb
82
What happens when an egg is released by an ovary?
The fallopian tube transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus
83
What is the fallopian tubes transport the egg?
Cilia push along the egg
84
What happens to the egg in the uterus?
The egg is broken down. The thick muscular wall called the endometrium breaks down
85
What is the endometrium made out of?
Many blood vessels
86
When does the egg go after it has passed the opening of the uterus
What's the air passes the cervix it goes to the exterior
87
Flowchart of the path of the egg
Ovary -> fallopian tube -> uterus -> vagina -> exterior
88
When do new eggs start to mature?
Each month a new eggs start to mature from one ovary
89
Define ovulation
Release of ripe egg from ovary
90
Where is the egg released from?
The oviduct - once a month
91
Where does fertilisation occur?
In the oviduct
92
Where does the egg start developing?
In the ovary
93
What happens to the lining of the uterus when the egg is developing?
It starts to grow thicker
94
How does the lining of the uterus grow thicker?
Thick layer of blood vessels
95
Why does the uterus lining thicken every month?
In preparation for a fertilised egg, a place where a baby can grow
96
How thick is the walls one week after ovulation?
Remains thick
97
Why does the egg pass out of the body?
Egg is not fertilised
98
How does the egg pass out of the body?
Through vagina
99
Define menstruation
Breakdown of lining of the uterus that contains many blood vessels
100
How long does menstruation last?
4 to 7 days
101
Define menstrual cycle
Series of changes that happen in the female reproductive organs
102
What is the aim of the menstrual cycle?
Uterus ready for fertilised egg
103
How long does the menstrual cycle last?
28 days
104
How many stages is there in the menstrual cycle?
Three stages
105
Where does the menstrual cycle occur?
Ovary and uterus
106
What is stage one of the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation
107
When is there a rich supply of mucus and blood vessels?
Before uterus lining is thick
108
Why is the uterus needed?
For unborn baby to survive
109
What happens to the uterus if a woman doesn’t fall pregnant?
Lining comes away - bleeding
110
What does first day of period mean?
Day 1 of menstrual cycle
111
What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation
112
Here is menstruation finished?
Day 7
113
What happens to the uterus after menstruation?
Lining of uterus thickens again
114
When does ovulation take place?
Day 14
115
Where does the egg enter during ovulation?
Enters the fallopian tube
116
What is stage three of the menstrual cycle?
Movement of the egg - oviduct
117
How is the egg moved toward the uterus?
Moved slowly by cilia
118
Where does the ovum fuse with the sperm cell?
In fallopian tube
119
What happens when sperm fuses with egg?
Woman may fall pregnant
120
What happens on day 22 of the menstrual cycle?
Uterus wall thick - ready for fertilised egg
121
During which days may the woman fall pregnant?
Fertile period
122
How long can a sperm survive in a woman?
2 to 3 days
123
What days of the menstrual cycle does the fertile period occur?
Day 11 to 18
124
What affects the safe time?
Stress and nutrition
125
Define safe times
Sexual intercourse will not fertilise - no pregnancy
126
Define copulation?
Process where erect pen is is placed in vagina
127
How does the penis become erect?
Blood flows into it
128
What stimulates the release of semen?
Movement of backwards and forwards
129
What is the sperm pumped through during copulation?
Through sperm ducts and mixed with fluids
130
Where is the semen ejaculated into?
Vagina
131
How do immature follicles develop?
Develop by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
132
Where does the follicle stimulating hormone come from?
Pituitary gland (brain)
133
What is the nature follicle called?
Graafian
134
During ovulation what happens to the graafian follicle?
Graafian follicle bursts
135
What does the burst graafian follicle change into?
Yellow body
136
What secretes progesterone?
Corpus Luteum - body thinks pregnant
137
What happens when the corpus luteum breaks down?
No pregnancy- progesterone levels decrease
138
What hormones does the ovary secrete?
Oestrogen and Progesterone
139
What happens during day 0 to 5 of the menstrual cycle?
Bleeding phase - removal of endometrium
140
What happens during day 6 to 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Rebuild of uterus lining
141
What happens during day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation - ovum in fallopian tube
142
Where does the sperm go in the vagina?
Sperm swims up uterus into oviducts
143
What does a grown fertilised egg form?
Ball of cells
144
Where does the fertilised egg travel from?
Oviduct to uterus
145
Define embryo
Early developmental stage
146
What happens to the fertilised egg in the uterus?
Sinks into the lining of the uterus - contains many blood vessels
147
Define implantation
Embryo sinks into the king of the uterus that contains many blood vessels
148
Define foetus
Human embryo after eight weeks of development
149
What does contra mean?
Against
150
What does conception mean?
Fertilisation
151
What does contraception mean?
Prevent fertilisation
152
What is contraception also known as?
Birth control
153
What is a condom?
Rubber sheath
154
What is the condom rolled onto?
Rolled onto erect penis before sex
155
What does the condom prevent?
Barrier and stops sperm from entering
Prevent fluids mixing between
Protect from sexually transmitted disease
156
How is the condom reliable?
Used correctly
157
How is a sexually transmitted disease spread?
From one person to another during sexual contact
158
What are STD’s caused by?
Bacteria and parasites
159
How is STD’s treated?
Antibiotics
160
How is HIV/AIDS treated?
No cure for the virus - medicine to keep under control
161
When does puberty occur?
Between ages of 10 and 15
162
Define puberty
Stage in the human life cycle when the sexual organs mature for reproduction
163
What happens to the testes during puberty?
To make sperm
164
What happens to the ovaries during puberty?
Start to make eggs
165
Who starts puberty first?
Girls
166
When is puberty finished?
18 years old
167
Define pituitary gland
Structure found at the base of the brain which starts to make hormones
168
What does the pituitary gland do?
Tell hormones to tell organs what to do
169
Define hormones
Chemicals that are made by glands and they speed up to slow down the activities of an organ
170
Where are hormones released?
Pituitary gland into the blood stream - make reproductive organs active
171
What do reproductive organs make?
Sex hormones
172
What hormones do the testes make?
Testosterone
173
What hormones do the ovaries make?
Oestrogen
174
What do testosterone and oestrogen do?
Cause changed to happen in the body
175
What are examples of changes caused by sex hormones?
Menstruation, breast development, pubic hair, facial hair, deepening of mass voice
176
What are the changes in the body during puberty known as?
Secondary sexual characteristics
177
Define secondary sexual characteristics
changes in the bodies of males and females that happen during puberty
178
What are emotions?
String feelings about something or someone
179
What psychological effects do emotional changes have?
Mood changes, low self esteem, aggression and depression
180
What should you do if the emotional changes have a huge impact on your life?
Talk to someone close - good friend, relative or parent
