Flashcards in Human Reproduction Deck (59)
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1
what are the 4 stages of sexual arousal?
excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution
2
What happens to males during excitement?
testicular vasocongestion
erection
3
What happens to females during excitement?
vasodilation of vagina and swelling of labia
erection of clitoris
lubrication of vagina
enlargement of breasts
flush to skin
4
What kind of nervous supply causes the erection?
parasympathetic
5
What is the plateau phase in men?
increase HR, BP, resps, muscle tension
6
What is the plateau phase in women?
same as males but also uterus raises, lifts cervix and enlarges upper 1/2 of vagina to make room for ejaculate
7
What happens during orgasm?
rhythmic contractions of pelvic muscles every 0.8s
increase HR, BP, resp rate muscle tension
ejaculation in men
intense physical pleasure
8
What are the phases of ejaculation?
emission and explusion
9
What happens during emission?
sympathetic response causes contraction of the glands in prostate, reproductive ducts and seminal vesicles into the urethra
10
What happens during expulsion?
motorneurons induce rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscle and force semen out
11
What is the amount of semen produced per ml?
66million/ml
12
What is considered to be clinically infertile?
>20million/ml
13
Approximately what percentage of sperm reach the ovum and when?
0.001% about 30-60 mins after ejaculation
14
What is capacitation?
the process sperm must go through in order to be capable of fertilisation
15
What happens during capacitation?
surface of sperm altered by removal of glycoprotein
tail movements become whip-like
cAMP levels rise to promote acrosomal reaction
16
What happens upon sperm entry to the ovum?
stimulates Ca release which blocks polyspermy
17
What happens upon sperm entry to the ovum?
stimulates Ca release which blocks polyspermy
18
What are the chemicals used by the sperm to penetrate the egg?
Allurin
Fertilin
Acrosomal reaction
19
What is allurin?
released by mature ovum to guide sperm to the egg using an olfactory receptor
20
What is fertilin?
protein on sperm that binds to integrin on oocyte
21
How is the ovum guided to the oviduct?
by fimbriae sweeping it in by smooth muscle contraction and cilia
22
What is a trophoblast?
the blastocyst that accomplishes implantation and develops into fetal portions of the placenta
23
What happens upon implantation?
trophoblast cells burrow into the endometrium carving a hole for the blastocyst
24
What happens when implantation is finished?
the blastocyst is completely buried in the endometrium
25
How do the trophoblasts burrow into the endometrium?
by releasing proteases
26
What becomes the foetal placenta?
synctiotrophoblast
27
What occurs with decidualisation?
increased local vascularisation and nutrient storage for the blastocyst
28
When is the blastocyst completely buried?
by day 12
29
How does the embryo get nutrients from the maternal blood supply?
sends capillaries into the synctiotrophoblast to form placental villi
30
