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Hypothalamic Pituitary Relationships And Biofeedback Pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What will a tumor of the pituitary gland cause?

A

Will put pressure on optic nerves

Can present w/ visual problems, dizziness

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2
Q

How is the posterior pituitary gland connected to the Hypothalamus?

A

Via hypophyseal stalk

And via neural signal hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

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3
Q

What makes up the

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract?

A

Axons from SON and VPN carrying ADH and Oxytocin

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4
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Collection of endocrine cells derived from primitive foregut

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5
Q

What does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A 
GH
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
MSH
Prolactin
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6
Q

How is the ANterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels

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7
Q

What is in the ACTH family?

When is it released?

A

corticotrophs (ACTH)

When when CRF comes from hypothalamus

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8
Q

What is CRF?

A

Corticotropin releasing factor

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9
Q

What is in the TSH, FSH, LH family?

A

Thyrotrophs -TSH

Gonadotrophs- FSH and LH

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10
Q

What is TSH released from Thyrotroph cells?

A

When TRH come from hypothalamus

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone

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11
Q

When are FSH and LH released from Gonadotroph cells?

A

When GnRH comes from hypothalamus

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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12
Q

What is in the GH, Prolactin family?

A

Somatotropin - GH

Lactotrophs - Prolactin

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13
Q

What releases GH from Somatotropic cells?

A

When GHRH comes from hypothalamus

Growth hormone releasing hormone

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14
Q

What will inhibit the release of GH from somatotropic cells?

A

Inhibited when Somatostatin comes from hypothalAmus

Somatostatin = growth hormone inhibiting hormone

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15
Q

What is Prolactin released from lactotrophic cells?

A

When TRH is elevated
(Thyrotrophin releasing hormone)

Otherwise it is ALWAYS INHIBITED

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16
Q

What inhibits the release of Prolactin from Lactotrophic cells?

A

When Prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) comes from the hypothalamus

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17
Q

What is a primary endocrine disorder?

A

◦ Low or high levels of hormone due to defect @ PERIPHERAL ENDOCRINE GLAND

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18
Q

What is a secondary endocrine disorder?

A

◦ Low or high levels of hormone due to Defect @ PITUITARY GLAND

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19
Q

What is a tertiary endocrine disorder?

A

◦ Low or high levels of hormone due to Defect @ hypothalamus

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20
Q

What are the different HP axes?

A

HP-gonad

HP-liver

HP-prolactin

HP-thyroid

HP-adrenal

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21
Q

In the HP-Gonad axis what is the hypothalamic hormone?

A

GnHR

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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22
Q

In the HP-Gonad axis, what are the pituitary hormones released?

A

LH (lutenizing hormone)

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)

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23
Q

What can inhibit the release of GnHR?

A

◦ Extreme energy deficits
(anorexia nervosa or starvation)

◦ Extreme exercise

◦ Depression

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24
Q

What characterizes the release of GnRH?

A

Pulsatile release

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25
What is the function of FSH and LH?
‣ Promotes Estrogen and progesterone secretion in Females ‣ promotes Testosterone production in Males
26
A normal men’s rural cycle is dependent upon what?
LH FSH
27
What is the target of LH? In males? Females?
Males: LH—> Leydig cell —> testosterone Females: LH —> Theca cell —> Androgens
28
What is the target of FSH? In males? Females?
Males: FSH —> Sertoli cells —> Androgen binding protein & inhibin Females: FSH —> Granulosa cells —> Progestins, estrogens, inhibin
29
What will androgen binding protein do?
Bind testosterone and do spermatogenesis
30
How is the HP-gonad axis regulated in males?
‣ Testosterone from Leydig cell will feedback = Inhibit Pituitary LH and Hypothalamus GnRH ‣ Inhibin from Sertoli cell will feed back and inhibit pituitary FSH
31
How is the HP-gonad axis regulated in women?
* Progesterins & Estogens inhibit pituitary LH and FSH and Hypothalmaus GnRH * Inhibin from Granulosa Cell inhibits pituitary FSH
32
What produces GH?
Somatotropes
33
What are the direct targets of GH?
Liver and bone
34
What is the pathway for Growth Homrone?
GH —> GH R. —> jak stat signaling
35
What inhibits GH?
Somatostin (GHIH) IGF-1
36
What will stimulate the release of GH?
``` ‣ Fasting/hunger/starvation ‣ Hypoglycemia ‣ Hormones of puberty ‣ Exercise ‣ Sleep ‣ Stress ```
37
What are the 3 functions of GH?
Growth (Hypertrophy of cells) Cell reproduction (Hyperplasia) Metabolism
38
What are the hypothalamic hormones secreted in the Growth Hormone pathway?
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) GHIH (will inhibit release of GH from anteiror pit.)
39
What will act as negative feedback to the Growth Hormone Releasing HORmone in the Hypothalamus?
Growth hormone
40
In the Growth hormone pathway, what does the Liver secrete?
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
41
What is the function of IGF-1? What is another name for it?
Stimulates hypertorphy and hyperplasia Somatomedins C
42
What are the feedback mechanisms of IGF-1?
+ to GHIH - to GH
43
If the release of GHRH is defective, what is the tx? What kind endocrine disorder is this?
Soma relain Tertiary endocrine disorder (defect @ hypothalamus)
44
If GH is too low, what is the treatment? What kind endocrine disorder is this?
Somatotropin Somatrem Secondary endocrine disorder (pituitary defective)
45
If the liver fails to release IGF-1 when stimulated by GH, what is the treatment?
Mecasermin
46
What could cause the liver to not release IGF-1? What kind endocrine disorder is this?
GH deficiency GH abs Primary endocrine disorder
47
If you are in a Fed state, what happens to IGF-1 and GH? What are the results?
Increased carbs and proteins —> GH GH —> liver —> IGF-1 Mitogenesis, lypolysis, differentiation
48
What will a fed state, cause in bone?
‣ Osteoblasts production ‣ Collagen production ‣ Bone matrix production
49
What will happen to IGF-1 and GH, if you are in FED state but with NO Protein? Results?
Increased carbs —> insulin available But no AAs available GH = INHIBITED Liver —X—> IGF-1 Lipogenesis, carb storage (weight gain)
50
What happens to IGF-1 and GH, if you are in FASTING STATE? Causes? Results?
Decrease carbs —> inadequate insulin Increased use of Proteins —> AAs available Causes peripheral metabolism to use LIPIDS as ENERGY source now Lyolysis, ketogenic metabolism, diabetogenic (insulin insensitivity)
51
How does GH promote lipolysis but also promote insulin insensitivity?
Raises blood glucose by DECREASING peripheral glucose uptake Stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis
52
How does GH have a Diabetogenic effect?
Decreased glucose uptake and utilization by target tissues Increases lipolysis in adipose tissue Increases blood insulin levels = raises blood glucose levels —> insulin resistance
53
How does GH increase protein synthesis and organ grwoth?
Increase uptake of AAs Stimulates synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins (Mediated by IGF-1)
54
How does GH increase linear growth?
Increases metabolism in cartilage forming cells and chondrocyte proliferation Thru stimulating DNA, RNA, and Protein synthesis (mediated by IGF-1)
55
When is GH primarily released? What can mess w/ GH secretioN?
During sleep Sleep disturbances
56
When will GH peak during the day?
W/ exercise
57
When will GH have its peak in life?
During puberty
58
What can cause a GH deficiency?
* decreased secretion of GHRH due to hypothalamic dysfunction * Decreased GH secretion * Failure to generate somatomedins * GH or somatomedin resistance (deficiency of receptors)
59
What can cause a GH excess?
• Grwoth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma
60
What are the consequences of GH excess BEFORE puberty? AFTER puberty?
Before = gigantism After = acromegaly
61
What is acromegaly?
◦ Rare disease ◦ Characterized by xs growth of soft tissue, cartilage, & bone in face, hands and feet ◦ Develop gradually
62
What is acromegaly caused by?
◦ Caused by prolonged and excessive secretion of Growth Hormone (GH) in adult life AFTER closure of bone epiphyses
63
What is the test for Acromegaly? What will be elevated?
‣ Evaluated serum GH and IGF-1 levels ‣ Failure to suppress GH production in response to an oral load of glucose ‣ Pituitary enlargement on MRI
64
When is secretion of prolactin increased?
5th week of pregnancy
65
What is the unique characteristic about Prolactin secretion?
◦ PRL is under tonic inhibition by hypothalamic dopamine
66
What is the function of Prolactin?
Stimulate and maintain lactation Suppresses GnRH • Thus inhibiting LH and FSH ◦ Decreases reproductive function ◦ Suppresses sexual drive
67
What are the stimulatory factors for PRL secretion?
``` ‣ Pregnancy (estrogen) ‣ Breast-feeding (Suckling) ‣ Sleep ‣ Stress ‣ TRH ```
68
What are the inhibitory factors for PRL secretion?
‣ Dopamine ‣ Dopamine agonists ‣ Somatostatin (GHIH) ‣ Prolactin via negative feedback
69
What is prolactinoma caused by? Sxs?
pituitary adenomas (mostly causes Prolactinoma (60%)) Sxs related to hormones action on body (suppression of GnRH - no periods?)
70
What hyperpituitarism cause? | GH, PRL, LH & FSH, ACTH, TSH
* Xs of GH = acromegaly/gigantism * Xs of PRL = prolactinoma * XS of LH and FSH = non functioning adenoma * XS of ACTH (cortisol) = Cushing’s Disease * XS of TSH = Secreting adenoma
71
What can hypopituitarism cause? | GH, FSH/LH, TSH, ACTH, ADH
‣ GH = kids short, adults no effect ‣ FSH/LH = infertility, hypogonadism in males and females (reduced sperm count, menstrual irregularity) ‣ TSH = hypothyroidism ‣ACTH = loss of pigementation, hypoadrenalism ‣ ADH = Diabetes insipidis
72
What can cause hypopituitarism?
Brain damage Pituitary tumors Non pituitary tumors (Craniopharyngioma) Infections Sheehan syndrome Aids Pitutiary hyplasia/aphasia Genetic disordes
73
What is Sheehan syndrome? Results in?
In pregnancy Pitutiary enlarged, vulnerable to infarction Results: HYPO-pituitarism
74
What makes oxytocin?
Paraventricular Nucleus of the HYpothalamus | Dennis was wroooooong
75
Where are the cell bodies of ADH neurons?
In the SON nuclei of the hypothalamus
76
Where are the cell bodies of Oxytocin neurons?
In Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
77
How is oxytocin secreted? Where is it secreted to?
In hypothalmaus, pro-oxyphysin is cleaved and packed into vesicles Travels via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to posterior pituitary To breast and uterus
78
What are the 2 functions of oxytocin?
1. Milk ejection | 2. Uterine contraction
79
What produces breast milk? What ejects breast milk?
1. Prolactin | 2. Oxytocin
80
What is Milk letdown? Stimulated by?
Oxytocin stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells lining milk ducts to eject milk
81
What is the stimulus for milk ejection?
Suckling Sight/sound/smell of infant
82
What is the stimulus for uterine contraction by oxytocin?
Dilation of cervix or organism
83
What is pitocin?
Synthesized Oxytocin that can be administered to induce labor

..3 (16 decks)

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