IDEOLOGY THINKERS

Question 1

John Locke

(classical liberal)

Answer 1

HN - rational self interest, mindful of others
STATE - representative by consent
SOCIETY - natural laws and rights, existed before state
ECONOMY - right to property, state policy respect individual competition

Question 2

Mary Wollstonecraft

(classical liberal)

Answer 2

HN - rationalism defines men and women
STATE - no monarchy, republic must enrich women’s rights
SOCIETY - stifled female individualism
ECONOMY - free market aided by women

Question 3

John Stuart Mill

Answer 3

HN - rational, not fixed
STATE - representative democracy, mindful of minorities
SOCIETY - individuality, coexist with tolerance and self improving
ECONOMY - laissez faire vital

Question 4

John Rawls

Answer 4

HN - selfish yet empathetic
STATE - public spending/services to aid less fortunate
SOCIETY - improved condition of the poor
ECONOMY - free-market capitalism, help poor

Question 5

Betty Friedan

Answer 5

HN - evolved to discourage women’s advancements
STATE - legislate to prevent discriminating women
SOCIETY - women complicit in discrimination
ECONOMY - free market to ally women’s freedom

Question 6

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 6

HN - cynical, selfish, desire supremacy and security
STATE - socially contracted, autocratic, and awesome
SOCIETY - state predates society cannot exist without
ECONOMY - state guarantees order of constructive, enduring economics

Question 7

Edmund Burke

Answer 7

HN - sceptic, “crooked timber of humanity” unable to reach perfection
STATE - arise organically, hereditary elite
SOCIETY - organic, multifaceted, “little platoons”
ECONOMY - laissez faire, organic free market

Question 8

Michael Oakeshott

Answer 8

HN - modest, best when free from grand design
STATE - pragmatic, traditional and practical
SOCIETY - localised communities essential, guided by short term
ECONOMY - free market volatile, require moderation

Question 9

Ayn Rand

Answer 9

HN - objectivist, rational self interest
STATE - confined to law, order and national security
SOCIETY - atomistic, sum of its individuals
ECONOMY - free market expresses individuality, good!

Question 10

Robert Nozick

Answer 10

HN - egotistical, quest for self-ownership
STATE - minarchist, should only outsource contracts to private companies providing public services
SOCIETY - small variable communities, individuals self fulfilment
ECONOMY - state detach itself, only involved in disputes

Question 11

Max Stirner

Answer 11

HN - self interested egoists
STATE - denial of individualism
SOCIETY - complete self reliant, society restrains
ECONOMY - accumulation of property is our main economic motive

Question 12

Peter Kropotkin

Answer 12

HN - sociable, prefer collective activity
STATE - destroyed by revolution, replaced by voluntary self governing communities
SOCIETY - communes are basis of society
ECONOMY - capitalism replaced by communist system

Question 13

Mikhail Bakunin

Answer 13

HN - social animals, productive workers
STATE - servant to capitalism, both destroyed by revolution
SOCIETY - federal system, abolition of national boundaries, co operate > compete
ECONOMY - system of exchange based on true value of labour/goods

Question 14

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

Answer 14

HN - productive abilities, creative producers
STATE - oppressive, abolished by peaceful democracy
SOCIETY - mutualism, people bound by mutually beneficial relations
ECONOMY - independent productive units should trade

Question 15

Emma Goldman

Answer 15

HN - individual liberty, desire for freedom
STATE - one source of oppression, others are religion and property ownership
SOCIETY - campaigned for economic, gender and racial equality
ECONOMY - communist

Question 16

Karl Marx/Friedrich Engels

Answer 16

HN - fraternal and altruistic, contaminated by capitalism
STATE - destroyed by revolution and replaced by dictatorship of proletariat
SOCIETY - society defined by capitalism is sickening, communist society “end of history”
ECONOMY - capitalism replaced by collective ownership based eco

Question 17

Rosa Luxembourg

Answer 17

HN - fraternity still flourishes in proletariat
STATE - spontaneuous revolution from strikes, state should be a genuine democracy
SOCIETY - class ridden, morally indefensible but sub cultures exist
ECONOMY - necessary destruction of capitalism will require determination and solidarity among prols

Question 18

Beatrice Webb

Answer 18

HN - originally cooperation, corrupted by capitalism
STATE - existing state could create a gradual transition to socialism (couple with suffrage)
SOCIETY - inequality depresses human potential
ECONOMY - chaos replaced security of workers full fruits of labour

Question 19

Anthony Crosland

Answer 19

HN - powerful sense of fairness
STATE - democratic socialist govs (eg Labour 1945-51) prove current state can create effective radical social change
SOCIETY - increasingly complex, new social groups compromise meritocratic managers and classless technocrats
ECONOMY - mix economy, limit public ownership and keynesian cap, will finance public spending for equality

Question 20

Anthony Giddens

Answer 20

HN - shaped by socio-economic changes, fairness instinct competes with aspirations
STATE - should improve, decentralise power and encourage participation
SOCIETY - embourgeoisement, egalitarians must harness forces
ECONOMY - neo-lib eco propelled by privatisation and deregulation, provide tax yield for public spending