Immune and Asepsis Notes Flashcards by A Peterson

Standard precautions apply to what in hospitals

Blood
All body fluids, excretions, and secretions except sweat
Nonintact skin (broken skin)
Mucus membranes

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What type of room does a pt with airborne precautions go into?

Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) - its a room with negative pressure and discharges the air outside or through filtration system

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What type of rom does a pt with droplet or contact precautions go into?

A private room and nurse must wear normal mask if working with 3ft of pt

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What must you wear in a private room with a pt who has contact precautions?

Gloves
Gown

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What type of mask do you wear in a private room with a pt who has airborne precautions?

N95 respirator mask

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Droplets from sneezing or coughing contain microorganisms that can travel how far?

1 meter or 3ft

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List the principles of surgical asepsis

All objects used in a sterile field must be sterile
Sterile objects become unsterile when touched by unsterile objects
Sterile objects out of sight and below waist level are considered unsterile
Sterile objects can become unsterile by exposure to airborne microorganisms
Fluid flow in the direction of gravity

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What are phagocytes?

Cells that ingest microorganisms, dead cells, and foreign particles

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What are the 5 major functions of skin?

Protects underlying tissues from injury by preventing the passage of microorganisms
Regulates body temperature
Sebum (an oily substance that is secreted lubricating hair and skin, prevents hair from becoming brittle, and decreases water loss from skin when external humidity is low)
Transmits sensations through nerve receptors that are sensitive to pain, temp, touch, and pressure
Produces and absorbs vitamin D in conjunction with the sun

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What does temperature do for the skin and body?

Warm or hot baths dilate superficial arterioles, bringing more blood and nourishment to the skin

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What is the purpose of bathing pts?

Remove microorganisms
Stimulate circulation
Promote well being
Produce relaxation and comfort
Eliminate body odors

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Medicated baths(therapeutic bath) are for which type of pts?

For pts with dry, itchy skin, from sunburn, hives, skin diseases etc.

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What is passive immunity?

Host rx natural or artificial antibodies produced by another source (nursing from mother or injection of immune serum)

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What is active immunity?

Host produces antibodies in response to natural antigens (e.g. infectious microorganisms) or artificial antigens (e.g. vaccines)

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The B cells produces which antibody molecule class of immunoglobulin that is indicative of a current infection?

IgM

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What is the temperature of the water used for the bed bath?

43C - 46C OR 110F to 115F

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What are cleansing baths?

Given for hygiene purposes

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A sitz bath (therapeutic type of bath) is for which pts?

Soothing and healing the perineum

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At minimum when and how many times do you change bath water?

1 time = initial body bath
2nd time the water is changed before cleaning perineal area

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High WBC (leukocyte) counts are indicative to which type of infection?

Bacterial

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LOW WBC (leukocyte) counts are indicative to which type of infection?

Viral

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List the 4 types of microorganisms

Bacteria
Fungi
Virus
Parasites

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Define virulence

How powerful a microorganism can produce a disease

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Define communicable disease

A disease than can spread from one individual to another

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Describe what happens in colonization

Strains of microorganisms become resistant (viva la resistance) to flora. DOES NOT CAUSE DISEASE.

Define systemic infection

Microorganisms spread and cause damage to different parts of the body

Why do we wash hands between pts?

To get rid of microorganisms on hands and to prevent cross contamination

Define a local infection

Microorganisms stay in one part of the body

Define nosocomial infection

They are infections that originate in the hospital during the pts stay or manifest in the pt after discharge

Define acute infection

appears suddenly or last for a short amount of time

Define chronic infection

Occurs slowly over a long period of time and lasts for months or years

Where can you get a HAI from?

Surgical site Catheters UTIs Central IV sites Blood stream infections GI infections

List the body's types of nonspecific defenses

Skin (#1) Low pH in the vagina *High acidity in the stomach* Resident flora in the intestine *High pH in urine* Saliva Tears

How do nurses prevent the spread of microorganisms?

Through hand hygine

Where do you beak the chain of infection?

Portal of exit Mode of transmission

In the phase of method of transmission, an indirect transmission can be vector-borne. An example of a vector borne transmitter is

A mosquito (or animal, flying, or crawling insect)

A compromised host is a ____________ host

susceptible

Describe what a carrier of an infectious agent is and their significance

Human or animal that does not show s/s of infection or disease

The three types of methods of transmission of

Direct Indirect Airborne

Describe indirect transmission

Vehicle or vector borne - Vehicle borne transports microorganisms - Vector borne is a animal or insect that serves as a means of transport

Describe direct transmission

Direct transfer of microorganisms

Describe airborne transmission

Droplets or dust

List the body's types of specific defenses

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) Passive and active immunity Cell mediated (Lymphocytes)

What is an antigen?

A substance that induces a state of sensitivity of immune responsiveness

Can you be allergic to something you have never been exposed to before?

Describe what antibody mediated defense is?

Its a circulating immunity, defenses reside in B lymphocytes and are mediated by antibodies produced by B cells **defend primarily against bacterial and viral infections**

Describe the difference between active and passive immunity

In Active immunity antibodies are produced by the body in response to an antigen. Antibodies are formed when there is an *active* infection. With passive immunity, antibodies are produced by another source.

In a cell-mediated defense, the three types of T cells are

- Helper T cells (help the function of immune system) - Cyto{cell} toxic T cells (attack and kill microorganisms) - Suppressor T cells (suppress the function of helper and cytotoxic T cells)

What are the 3 stages of inflammatory response?

Vascular and cellular response (vascular permeability appear - swelling and pain) Exudate production (puss or dead phagocytic cells) Reparative phase

Which stage of the inflammatory response includes regeneration?

Third stage - Reparative phase

What is granulation? What does it look like?

In the 3rd stage or reparative stage of the inflammatory response, where regeneration occurs, granulation is where damaged tissues are replaced with a fragile, gelatinous connective tissue appearing red or pink due to the newly formed capillaries.

Inflammation is characterized by 5 signs which are:

Pain Swelling Redness Heat Impaired function

A scar is also called a _____________.

Cicatrix

An elevated WBC count will indicate which type of infection?

Acute infections Tissue necrosis (e.g., myocardial infarction [MI]) Collagen diseases

Factors that increase host susceptibility are

stress nutrition fluids (to promote urine production and output [flushing microorganisms out of the urethra])

Modes of transmission are

Direct Indirect Airborne

Standard precaution is exercised in situations where the nurse is exposed to:

Blood All body fluids, excretions, and secretions except sweat Nonintact skin (broken skin) Mucus membranes

Standard precautions for a pt with airborne precautions include:

The pt will be in a negative pressure private room Nurse will wear a N95 respirator mask

Standard precautions for a pt with droplet precautions include:

Private room for pt Mask for nurse

Standard precautions for a pt with contact precautions include:

Private room for pt Nurse would wear: gloves and gown

Describe the psychosocial needs of a pt who is in isolation

Sensory deprivation - lack of stimuli in the environment [no normal communication with others] Feeling inferiority - pts may feel dirty or less valued [alters self-esteem]

Nursing interventions for pts in isolation include

Regular communication Orient the pt to the day, meal schedule/ surroundings Bring toys for children Variety of foods

If a pt has a puncture wound by stepping on a nail, this method of infection transmission is

Vehicle borne (indirect mode of transmission)

If a pt has a surgical wound infection, which mode of transmission is it?

HAI - Surgical instruments can serve as vehicle borne modes of transmission