immune system

Question 1

immunity

Answer 1

Is the body’s ability to resist disease.

Question 2

3 functions of immune system

Answer 2

Defense
Homeostasis
Surveillance

Question 3

Antigens

Answer 3

• Substances the body recognizes as foreign that elicit an immune response
• Most are composed of protein.

Question 4

antibodies

Answer 4

Immune globulins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens

Question 5

active immunity

Question 6

active immunity

Answer 6

allows the body to make antibodies in response to antigens that go into the body.

Question 7

active natural

Answer 7

antibodies in response to live pathogen

Question 8

passive natural

Answer 8

antbodies given thru mom

Question 9

active artificial

Answer 9

antibodies in response to vaccine
- Giving a client a vaccine causes the production of antibodies that prevent illness.
-Vaccines are made from live or weakened viruses

Question 10

passive ariticifcal

Answer 10

IVIG

Question 11

Immune and Infectious Disorders Diagnostic Procedures

Answer 11

• Diagnostic procedures identify pathogenic micro-organisms.

Most definitive way to identify micro-organisms is to examine:
- Blood
- Body fluids
- Tissue samples

****Treatment can not begin until pathogen is identified!

Question 12

Isolation Precautions

Answer 12

• A group of actions that include hand hygiene and the use of barrier precautions.
• The precautions apply to every client, regardless of the diagnosis, and implementation of them must occur whenever there’s anticipation of coming into contact with a potentially infectious material.
• gloves and handwash

Question 13

Clients in isolation are at a higher risk for

Answer 13

depression and loneliness
- Assist the client and their family to understand the reason for isolation and provide sensory stimulation

Question 14

standard precautions

Answer 14

• Applies to all body fluids

A nurse should implement standard precautions for all clients.
- Hand Hygiene
- Gloves
- Masks, eye protection, and face shields are required when care might cause splashing or spraying of body fluids.
- Properly clean all equipment for client care; dispose of one‑time use items according to facility policy.
- A client does not need a private room unless he is unable to maintain appropriate hygienic practices

Question 15

Contact Precautions protects against

Answer 15

environmental contact infections (respiratory syncytial virus, shigella, enteric diseases caused by micro‑organisms, wound infections, herpes simplex, impetigo, scabies, multidrug‑resistant organisms).

Question 16

Contact precautions require:

Answer 16

• A private room or a room with other clients who have the same infection.
• Gloves and gowns worn by the caregivers and visitors.
• Disposal of infectious dressing material into a single, nonporous bag without touching the outside of the bag.

Question 17

Droplet Precautions protect against

Answer 17

streptococcal pharyngitis or pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae type B, scarlet fever, rubella, pertussis, mumps, mycoplasma pneumonia, meningococcal pneumonia and sepsis, pneumonic plague.

Question 18

Droplet precautions require:

Answer 18

• A private room or a room with other clients who have the same infectious disease.
• Ensure that clients have their own equipment.
• Masks, Gowns, Gloves for providers and visitors.

Question 19

airborne protect against

Answer 19

against measles, varicella, pulmonary or TB!!

Question 20

airborne requires

Answer 20

• A private room.
• Masks and respiratory protection devices for caregivers and visitors.
• Negative pressure airflow
• If splashing or spraying is a possibility, wear full face (eyes, nose, mouth) protection.
• Use an n95 particulate mask if TB is suspected!!! (x-ray, blood, sputum to test for it)

Question 21

White Blood Cells

Answer 21

A normal WBC is 5,000-10,000/mm3
- Associated with infection, inflammation, tissue injury or death
- Leukopenia– D WBC
- Neutropenia – D neutrophil count

Question 22

neutrophils increased with

Answer 22

Acute bacterial infection
Myelocytic leukemia
Trauma
Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 23

neutrophils decreased with

Answer 23

Sepsis
Radiation
Aplastic anemia
Chemotherapy
Influenza

Question 24

neutrophils decreased with

Answer 24

Sepsis
Radiation
Aplastic anemia
Chemotherapy
Influenza

Question 25

left shift

Answer 25

acute infection - An increase in immature neutrophils (bands) that occurs with acute infection - Neutrophil production increases, allowing the release of immature neutrophils that are not capable of destroying bacteria.

Question 26

neutropenia

Answer 26

- Neutropenia = Neutrophil count below 2,000/mm3 - Severe neutropenia (ANC < 500): severe risk of infection.

Question 27

Generally accepted reference range for absolute neutrophil count (ANC) in adults is

Answer 27

1500 to 8000 cells per microliter (µl) of blood.

Question 28

testing for neutropenia

Answer 28

- The diagnosis of neutropenia is done via the low neutrophil count detection on a full blood count. - Rectal examinations are usually not performed due to the increased risk of introducing bacteria into the blood stream and the possible development of rectal abscesses. - no rectal temps, no supposatories

Question 29

An ANC less than 1,000 means

Answer 29

neutropenic precautions are essential!!! - Restrict visitors - Prohibit visitors who have an infection - Restrict exposure to live plants - - Restrict ingestion of fresh fruits and vegetables Avoid IM injections

Question 30

Chemotherapy and the Immune System

Answer 30

- As chemotherapy medicines damage the bone marrow, the marrow is less able to produce enough red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. - Typically, the greatest impact is on white blood cells. - Without enough white blood cells, the body is more vulnerable to infection.