Immune system Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
SS of local inflammation
A
- FIRE
- Feeling pain
- induration
- redness
- edema
2
Q
for fever, don’t give tylenol until
A
> 101.5
3
Q
bands
A
- shift to left
- baby neutrophils
4
Q
interferon
A
-acts to inhibit the replication of viruses
5
Q
actions in inflammatory process
A
- hemodynamic changes- fever
- increased permeability
- higher HR, higher BP, less blood volume
6
Q
chemical mediators
A
- prostaglandins
- histamine
- leukotrienes
7
Q
histamine
A
- dilation of capillaries
- decrease BP
- constrict smooth muscle in bronchi & uterus
- increase gastric secretions
8
Q
leukotrienes
A
occur in WBCs with effects similar to histamine
9
Q
cortisol
A
- hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that helps body control inflammation
- slows release of histamine
- prevents influx of WBCs
- stabilizes lysosomal membranes
- 2:00 am peak, triggered by stress
10
Q
active immunity
A
- when individual’s immune system responds to antigen by stimulating production of antibodies
- Vaccines(Acquired)
- Diseases process (natural)
11
Q
passive immunity
A
- ind. receives antibodies to a specific agent that were produced by another individual
- transplacental
- artificial (IVIG)
12
Q
IgG
A
-viruses, bacteria, fungi
13
Q
IgM
A
ABO/Blood type
14
Q
IgA
A
breast milk
15
Q
IgE
A
Allergic reactions and parasitic
16
Q
IgD
A
Assists in differentiation of B-cells
17
Q
Cell- mediated acquired immunity
A
- T-cells (CD4-helper, CD8- cytotoxic)
- delayed response
- ratio 2:1 helper-suppressor cells
18
Q
CD4
A
- regulates cell-mediated immunity and the humoral antibody response
- cheerleader to T-cells and B-cells
19
Q
natural killer cells
A
- cell mediated
- not B or T
- large WBC
- kills foreign invaders
- attacks TRANSPLANTED tissues or organs
20
Q
dendritic cells
A
- captures antigens at contact site
- brings antigen to T-cell specific for antigen
- t-cell destroys antigens
21
Q
cytokines
A
- messengers
- soluble factors secreted by WBC
- instruct cells to alter proliferation, differentiation, secretion, activity
- have beneficial role in hematopoiesis
22
Q
RBC
A
F: 3.8-5.1
M: 4.3-5.7
23
Q
HGB
A
F: 11.7-15.5
M:13.2-17.3
-gas carrying capacity of RBC
24
Q
HCT
A
F: 35-47%
M: 39-50%
-measure of packed cell volume of RBCs
25
WBC
4,000-11,000
26
platelets
150,000-400,000
27
ANC counts
- % of neutrophils X total WBC
| - higher % is desirable (ex. 70% of 5k vs. 50% of 4k)
28
shift to the right
-body is overwhelmed and does not have enough neutrophils
29
shift to the left
- neutrophil levels high
| - fighting infection
30
neutrophil range
- 2500-8000
| - 50-70%
31
lymphocytes range
- 1000-4000
| - 20-40%
32
monocytes range
- 100-700
| - 4-8%
33
eosinophils range
- 50-500
| - 1-4%
34
basophils range
25-100
| -0.5-2.0%
35
Hemoglobin S
Abnormal HGB that causes erythrocyte to stiffen and elongate , taking a sickle shape in response to low O2 levels
36
Warning Signs of cancer
CAUTION
- change in bowel or bladder habits
- a sore that does not heal
- unusual bleeding or discharge from an orifice
- thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
- indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- obvious change in wart or mole
- nagging cough or hoarseness
37
4 SE of chemp
1. bone marrow suppression (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia)
2. GI (nausea, diarrhea, mucositis, anorexia)
3. Integumentary (alopecia, skin infections)
4. reproductive dysfunction
- peripheral neuropathy
- cardio toxicity
- fatigue
38
SVC (superior vena cava syndrome)
Oncologic emergency manifested by facial edema, periorbital edema, JVD, headache and seizure.
39
sickle cell crisis presenting symptom
pain
40
Removal of this places a client with sickle cell at high risk of an immunocompromised state.
spleen
41
Nursing interventions that help prevent the recurrance of sickle cell crisis.
- push fluids
- avoid high altitudes
- avoid high stress
- early treatment of infection
- oxygen therapy for hypoxia and pain management
42
Three complications of a vaso-occlusive crisis.
uncontrolled pain, acute chest syndrome, dactylitis, priapism and CVA?
43
cause of hemophilia
deficiency of one of the coagulation factors (VIII, IX or XI)
44
priority nurse DG for child with hemophilia
risk for injury
45
Most common sites of bleeding for children with hemophilia
muscles and the joints(especially the knees)
46
what parents should know about home care for their child with hemophilia.
- how to apply gentle, prolonged pressure to superficial wounds
- call MD for any blunt trauma or head injury, establish a safe home environment, avoidance of contact sports
- reconstitution and administration of factor
- need to keep up to date with immunizations and routine cares
47
Method of acquiring hemophilia
via X-linked recessive? (female carriers passing on defect to affected males)
48
Inhibition of bone marrow resulting in reduced platelets, RBC’s and WBC’s
myelosuppression
49
Erythropoietin is synthesized here.
kidneys
50
causes of neutropenia
- chemotherapy
- medications (anti-rejection, steroids)
- cancer (esp. leukemia), -autoimmune reactions -congenital conditions (SCID)
51
priority DG for client with neutropenia
risk for infection
52
nursing interventions for a client with neutropenia
a private room with the door shut; gloves, masks and gown for all staff and visitors; no fresh flowers; no fresh fruits or vegetables; client wears mask when leaving room; no live virus injections and meticulous hand washing
53
Disease in which infants are born with deficiency in both B-cell and T-cells and therefore have an absence of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease)
54
Platelet value for diagnosis of thrombocytopenia.
< 150,000
55
Main clinical manifestations of thrombocytopenia.
bleeding (mucosal or skin), prolonged bleeding after injections or injury or vascular ischemia problems (headache, seizures)
56
Normal length of survival of a platelet.
8-10 days
57
The wife of Mr. R. comes to the desk reporting a sudden onset of confusion. He is admitted with thrombocytopenia so your main concern is
a spontaneous cerebral bleed
58
treatment options for ITP
corticosteroids, splenectomy, IVIG, platelet transfusion, and avoidance of NSAID’s
59
Immunoglobulin responsible for allergic reactions
IgE
60
Immunoglobulins are antibodies formed from these plasma cells
B-lymphocytes
61
Any of several regulatory proteins, such as the interleukins and lymphokines, that are released by cells of the immune system and act as intercellular mediators in the generation of an immune response
cytokines
62
Cytokine used to treat neutropenia
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (Neupogen)
63
Cytokine (glycoprotein) that inhibits the replication of viruses
interferon
64
Clinical lab value for diagnosis of neutropenia.
differential neutrophil count of less than 1-1.5 X 109/L or absolute neutrophil count of less than 1.0 X 109/L
65
hallmark of tumor lysis syndrome TLS
hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia
66
Lymphocytes responsible for recognizing and killing tumor cells
NKC
67
An increased percentage of neutrophils in a CBC.
shift to the left
68
Definitive diagnostic test for leukemia
bone marrow biopsy
69
most common childhood cancer
ALL (acute lymphocytic leukemia)
70
priority nursing diagnosis for a child with leukemia
- impaired respiratory
- risk for infection
- risk for injury
- knowledge deficit
- ineffective coping (individual or family)
- pain (acute or chronic)
- impaired skin integrity
71
Preferred medical treatment option for a child with leukemia.
combination chemotherapy (based on trial protocols)
72
SS of leukemia
are abnormal bleeding (mucosal or integumentary), fatigue, pallor, night sweats, fever of unknown origin, frequent infections, bone pain, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphandopathy, anorexia or weight loss
73
Name groups that are at risk of iron deficiency anemia
menstruating women, pregnant women, older adults, and clients with lower socio-economic status
74
Number one nursing priority in patient with severe anemia.
respiratory status
75
Most common cause of IDA in children under 12 months of age.
prematurely switching to cow’s milk?
76
Proper method for administering IM iron.
a 2-3 inch needle, deep into the glutteal muscle, using z-track and with an air bubble
77
Length of time hemoglobin levels take to return to normal after initiation of iron therapy.
2-3 months
78
Number one priority of patients presenting with an anaphylactic reaction
airway
79
Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that helps to slow the release of histamine
cortisol
80
Blood transfusion reaction in which a patient develops a fever with HA, flushing, anxiety and vomiting.
febrile, non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
81
Treatments for a client experiencing an anaphylactic reaction.
oxygen, epinephrine, steroids, anti-histamines (Benadryl), and avoidance of exposure
82
Hypersensitivity reaction involving a cell-mediated delayed response
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
