Immunisation

Question 1

Pathogens

Answer 1

Microbes that cause disease

Question 2

Vaccination

Answer 2

Immunity to a pathogen

Question 3

Vaccines

Answer 3

Contain antigens from specific infectious pathogen. The antigen used in in vaccines can be inactivated pathogen toxins, dead pathogens, parts of pathogens and weakened pathogens.

Immune system produces complementary antibodies, which target and attach to antigen - phagocytosis

Question 4

Adjuvants

Answer 4

May be added to vaccine to boost immune response. They help produce more antibodies and longer-lasting immunity, as a result smaller amounts of antigens are needed.

Question 5

Adjuvant example

Answer 5

Aluminium hydroxide

Paraffin oil

Question 6

Herd immunity

Answer 6

Vaccine the majority of population against diseases can reduce chance of people coming into contact with specific pathogens.

Question 7

3 scenarios with herd immunity

Answer 7

No one vaccinated - contagious disease spreads through population

Some vaccinated - spreads again through some of population

Most vaccinated - spread of disease contained

Question 8

Limits of herd immunity

Answer 8

1. Uptake of vaccination: less the risk of mass infection
2. Type of disease: only works for contagious diseases
3. Quality of vaccine: quality and effectiveness and also geographical location - more people more chance of catching disease

Question 9

Factors to consider about vaccination

Answer 9

1. Fewer people immunised, number of cases of disease increases
2. Chance of falling seriously ill or dying from disease may be far greater than chance of experiencing a serious side-effect
3. Using a vaccine may be much cheaper than treating every ill-person

Question 10

MMR Vaccine was for what

Answer 10

Measles, mumps and rubella

Question 11

MMR in different countries

Answer 11

Far more serious in developing countries, where leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths

Question 12

Before and after statistics of MMR vaccine

Answer 12

2.5 million deaths a year.

2012 - 120,000 deaths

Question 13

How immune system works?

Answer 13

Immune system works by detecting specific pathogens and creates defences against them. Does this by creating antibodies against the antigen on the pathogen

Memory cells then created doe faster immune response

Question 14

Antigenic Variation

Answer 14

Some pathogens have ability to alter their antigens, as a result the memory cells do not detect altered antigen and no longer effective against pathogen. This is antigenic variation.

e.g. influenza viruses