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Microbiology 1010 > Immunity > Flashcards

Flashcards in Immunity Deck (85)
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0
Q

What are the 7 main parts of the lymphatic system

A
Thymus
Thoraid duct
Bone marrow
Left subolvan vein
Spleen 
Lymph nodes 
Muscal associated lymphnod tissue
1
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes

A

Carry out lymph throughout the body. B and T cells find correct antigen

2
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

3
Q

What does bone marrow give rise to

A

blood cells including B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes

4
Q

What do B-cells mature to

A

Bone marrow

5
Q

What do T-cells mature into

A

Thymus

6
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid

A
Lymph nodes
Spleen 
Tonsils
Adenoids
Appendix
7
Q

What’re the 2 major branches of the immune system

A

Innate and adaptive

8
Q

What are the 4 non specific immunities of the innate system

A

Physical barrier
Mucous membrane
Gastrointestinal tract
Genitourinary tract

9
Q

Adaptive immunity does what to the second response?

A

Adapts and kicks harder

10
Q

What are 4 things that the skin barrier does to prevent invasion

A

Protective protein keratin
Slightly acidic (pH5)
Skin associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
Phagocytosis

11
Q

What role does the hand microflora do to prevent invasion

A

Occupies resources and space

12
Q

How many pounds of microflora in the human body

A

15lbs

13
Q

What’re the two ways mucous membranes prevent invasion

A

Mucous traps microbes

Anti microbial secretions move in

14
Q

What’re 3 examples of antimicrobial secretions

A

Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Lactoperoxidase

15
Q

What do lysozymes do?

A

Cuts Beta (1,4) glycosidic bonds between N-Acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine

16
Q

What does lactoferrin do?

A

Iron binding proteins that sequester making Fe unavailable to invading microbes

17
Q

What does lactoperoxidase do?

A

Catalyzes production of superoxide radicals oxygen. The oxidative damage to invading microbes

18
Q

What is the mueocilliary elavator

A

Cilia in the respiratory tract moves microbes away from the lungs

19
Q

How does the stomach deal with microbes

A

Gastric juice-HCl proteolytic enzymes and mucous with a pH of 2

20
Q

How does the small intestine destroy microbes

A

Pancreatic enzymes (bile)

21
Q

What does the large intestine do with microbes

A

It as a normal microbiota. It produces antimicrobial substances that slow invaders growth this outcompetes invaders for attachment sites

22
Q

What’re 2 examples of advantages of urine

A

Flushing (mechanical action) removal of microbes. It’s metabolic waste is toxic to many microbes

23
Q

What do vaginal epithial cells produce?

A

Glycogen

24
Q

With the vaginal glycogen. What does this ferment to ?

A

Lactic acid with a pH of 3-5

25
Q

What are the 2 classes of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

26
Q

What’re 4 characteristics of granulocytes?

A

Cytoplasm containing granules
Filled with reactive chemicals
Can kill other microorganisms
Signal other components of immunity

28
Q

What’re the 3 sub groups of granulocytes?

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

29
Q

Where are MHC 1 complexes found in the body?

A

Within every cell that has a nucleus

30
Q

After a B-Cell digests a shady intruder what complexes takes the remains of the intruder?

A

MHC II complex

31
Q

MHC II gives a sample of the intruder to who?

A

Helper T cell

32
Q

After the T cell receives the sample intruder what happens?

A

Turns into memory T-Cells and Effector T-Cell

33
Q

Who rings the alarm bells in the immune system?

A

Effector T-Cells

34
Q

What granulocyte realeses histamine to enhance inflammation?

A

Basophils

35
Q

Are basophils phagocytic?

A

No

36
Q

Which granulocyte attacks large intruders such as worms, protozoa?

A

Eosinophils

37
Q

Are eosinophils phagocytic?

A

No

38
Q

How do eosinophils destroy their prey?

A

Releases O2, H2O, OH destroys from the outside

39
Q

Which ganulocyte is full of digestive enzymes?

A

Neutrophils

40
Q

Which granulocyte antimicrobial protein likes to stick microbe membranes and what granulocyte does it come from?

A

Amphipatic antimicrobial proteins, Neutrophils

41
Q

How do neutrophils kill off microbes?

A

Enzymes break cell walls and the victim leaks out and dies

42
Q

Are neutrophils phagocytic?

A

Yes, Highly

43
Q

Which granulocyte goes into tissues to fight infection?

A

Eosinophil

44
Q

What’re the four agranulocytes?

A
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Dendrtic cells
  • Lymphocytes
45
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Circulate in the blood and differentiate into macrophages and dendrtic cells

46
Q

What tissues do macrophages reside in?

A
  • liver
  • spleen
  • connective tissues
47
Q

Which agranulocyte has a specific surface that binds to cell walls of introduders?

A

Macrophages

48
Q

Are macrophages phagocytic?

A

Yes, Highly

49
Q

Which agranulocyte resides in tissues and are common entry points for pathogens?

A

Dendritic cells

50
Q

How do dendrtic cells fight against infection

A

Constantly sample their surroundings by phagocytosis

51
Q

Once the dedrtic cells finds something who and what does it present it to?

A

Present foreign antigens on the surface for B and T lymphocytes

52
Q

Which agranulocyte triggers a the specific immune response?

A

Dendrtic Cells

53
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A
  • T
  • B
  • NK
54
Q

What are the dendrtic cells on the skin called

A

langerhans cells

55
Q

What are lymphocytes critical for?

A

specific immune response

56
Q

What kind of cells do lmyphocytes destroy?

A

abnormal cells : cells infected by virus or bacteria

57
Q

What does bone marrow stem cells give rise to?

A
  • Myloid precursors

- Lympoid precursors

58
Q

What do myloid precursors give rise to?

A
  • Monocyte

- Granulocyte

59
Q

What do monocytes give rise to?

A
  • Macrophages

- Dendritc cell

60
Q

What do granulocytes give rise to?

A
  • Neutrophil

- mast cells

61
Q

What do lympoid precursor cells give rise to?

A
  • Tcell

- Bcell

62
Q

In phagocytosis is it O2 dependent or independent?

A

Independent

63
Q

In phagocytosis what do the phospholipase degrade?

A

phospholipids

64
Q

In phagocytosis what do the phospholipase degrade?

A

phospholipids

65
Q

In phagocytosis what do the nucleases do?

A

degrade nucleic acid

66
Q

In phagocytosis what do the proteases do?

A

degrade proteins

67
Q

Explain the 3 steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Bacteria binds to surface
  2. Invagination
  3. Fuses and enzymes go after it
68
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  • Redness
  • Warmth
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Loss of function
69
Q

What cells are brought to inflammed areas?

A

Leukocytes

70
Q

What happens to vessel walls when inflammation occurs?

A

Vessel walls become more permeable

71
Q

What does temperature increase meant for during inflammation?

A

Slow growth of pathogen

72
Q

What is an example of a chemical defense in the immune system?

A

Interferon

73
Q

What does interferons do?

A

Small signaling molecules produced in response to viral infections

74
Q

What are some ways that interferon do to stop viral infections from spreading?

A
  • Binds to receptors
  • Cleaves dsRNA
  • Blocks some forms of virus replication
75
Q

What is the compliment in the immune system?

A

Set of 30 proteins circulating in the blood

76
Q

How do the compliment proteins work together?

A

In a cascade

77
Q

What are the 3 functions of the complient?

A
  • Opsonization
  • Enhance inflmmation
  • Form the membrane attack complex
78
Q

What are the 3 functions of the complient?

A
  • Opsonization
  • Enhance inflmmation
  • Form the membrane attack complex
79
Q

What’re 3 parts of the adaptive immune system

A
  • specific
  • acquired
  • memory
80
Q

What’re the two branches of specific immunity

A
  • humoral

- cellular

81
Q

What’re the two branches of specific immunity

A
  • humoral

- cellular

82
Q

What is an epitope?

A

the actual part of the antigen to which antibody binds

83
Q

If there’s more epitopes what can be said about the strength the response?

A

It will be stronger

84
Q

What is hapten?

A

A molecule that is large enough to be an antigen on its own

85
Q

Where does penicillin bind in the body?

A

binds to protein in the blood