What are the 7 main parts of the lymphatic system
Thymus Thoraid duct Bone marrow Left subolvan vein Spleen Lymph nodes Muscal associated lymphnod tissue
What are the functions of lymphocytes
Carry out lymph throughout the body. B and T cells find correct antigen
What are the primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and thymus
What does bone marrow give rise to
blood cells including B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
What do B-cells mature to
Bone marrow
What do T-cells mature into
Thymus
What are the secondary lymphoid
Lymph nodes Spleen Tonsils Adenoids Appendix
What’re the 2 major branches of the immune system
Innate and adaptive
What are the 4 non specific immunities of the innate system
Physical barrier
Mucous membrane
Gastrointestinal tract
Genitourinary tract
Adaptive immunity does what to the second response?
Adapts and kicks harder
What are 4 things that the skin barrier does to prevent invasion
Protective protein keratin
Slightly acidic (pH5)
Skin associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
Phagocytosis
What role does the hand microflora do to prevent invasion
Occupies resources and space
How many pounds of microflora in the human body
15lbs
What’re the two ways mucous membranes prevent invasion
Mucous traps microbes
Anti microbial secretions move in
What’re 3 examples of antimicrobial secretions
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Lactoperoxidase
What do lysozymes do?
Cuts Beta (1,4) glycosidic bonds between N-Acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine
What does lactoferrin do?
Iron binding proteins that sequester making Fe unavailable to invading microbes
What does lactoperoxidase do?
Catalyzes production of superoxide radicals oxygen. The oxidative damage to invading microbes
What is the mueocilliary elavator
Cilia in the respiratory tract moves microbes away from the lungs
How does the stomach deal with microbes
Gastric juice-HCl proteolytic enzymes and mucous with a pH of 2
How does the small intestine destroy microbes
Pancreatic enzymes (bile)
What does the large intestine do with microbes
It as a normal microbiota. It produces antimicrobial substances that slow invaders growth this outcompetes invaders for attachment sites
What’re 2 examples of advantages of urine
Flushing (mechanical action) removal of microbes. It’s metabolic waste is toxic to many microbes
What do vaginal epithial cells produce?
Glycogen
With the vaginal glycogen. What does this ferment to ?
Lactic acid with a pH of 3-5
What are the 2 classes of leukocytes?
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
What’re 4 characteristics of granulocytes?
Cytoplasm containing granules
Filled with reactive chemicals
Can kill other microorganisms
Signal other components of immunity
What’re the 3 sub groups of granulocytes?
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Where are MHC 1 complexes found in the body?
Within every cell that has a nucleus
After a B-Cell digests a shady intruder what complexes takes the remains of the intruder?
MHC II complex
MHC II gives a sample of the intruder to who?
Helper T cell
After the T cell receives the sample intruder what happens?
Turns into memory T-Cells and Effector T-Cell
Who rings the alarm bells in the immune system?
Effector T-Cells
What granulocyte realeses histamine to enhance inflammation?
Basophils
Are basophils phagocytic?
No
Which granulocyte attacks large intruders such as worms, protozoa?
Eosinophils
Are eosinophils phagocytic?
No
How do eosinophils destroy their prey?
Releases O2, H2O, OH destroys from the outside
Which ganulocyte is full of digestive enzymes?
Neutrophils
Which granulocyte antimicrobial protein likes to stick microbe membranes and what granulocyte does it come from?
Amphipatic antimicrobial proteins, Neutrophils
How do neutrophils kill off microbes?
Enzymes break cell walls and the victim leaks out and dies
Are neutrophils phagocytic?
Yes, Highly
Which granulocyte goes into tissues to fight infection?
Eosinophil
What’re the four agranulocytes?
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
- Dendrtic cells
- Lymphocytes
What do monocytes do?
Circulate in the blood and differentiate into macrophages and dendrtic cells
What tissues do macrophages reside in?
- liver
- spleen
- connective tissues
Which agranulocyte has a specific surface that binds to cell walls of introduders?
Macrophages
Are macrophages phagocytic?
Yes, Highly
Which agranulocyte resides in tissues and are common entry points for pathogens?
Dendritic cells
How do dendrtic cells fight against infection
Constantly sample their surroundings by phagocytosis
Once the dedrtic cells finds something who and what does it present it to?
Present foreign antigens on the surface for B and T lymphocytes
Which agranulocyte triggers a the specific immune response?
Dendrtic Cells
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
- T
- B
- NK
What are the dendrtic cells on the skin called
langerhans cells
What are lymphocytes critical for?
specific immune response
What kind of cells do lmyphocytes destroy?
abnormal cells : cells infected by virus or bacteria
What does bone marrow stem cells give rise to?
- Myloid precursors
- Lympoid precursors
What do myloid precursors give rise to?
- Monocyte
- Granulocyte
What do monocytes give rise to?
- Macrophages
- Dendritc cell
What do granulocytes give rise to?
- Neutrophil
- mast cells
What do lympoid precursor cells give rise to?
- Tcell
- Bcell
In phagocytosis is it O2 dependent or independent?
Independent
In phagocytosis what do the phospholipase degrade?
phospholipids
In phagocytosis what do the phospholipase degrade?
phospholipids
In phagocytosis what do the nucleases do?
degrade nucleic acid
In phagocytosis what do the proteases do?
degrade proteins
Explain the 3 steps of phagocytosis
- Bacteria binds to surface
- Invagination
- Fuses and enzymes go after it
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Redness
- Warmth
- Pain
- Swelling
- Loss of function
What cells are brought to inflammed areas?
Leukocytes
What happens to vessel walls when inflammation occurs?
Vessel walls become more permeable
What does temperature increase meant for during inflammation?
Slow growth of pathogen
What is an example of a chemical defense in the immune system?
Interferon
What does interferons do?
Small signaling molecules produced in response to viral infections
What are some ways that interferon do to stop viral infections from spreading?
- Binds to receptors
- Cleaves dsRNA
- Blocks some forms of virus replication
What is the compliment in the immune system?
Set of 30 proteins circulating in the blood
How do the compliment proteins work together?
In a cascade
What are the 3 functions of the complient?
- Opsonization
- Enhance inflmmation
- Form the membrane attack complex
What are the 3 functions of the complient?
- Opsonization
- Enhance inflmmation
- Form the membrane attack complex
What’re 3 parts of the adaptive immune system
- specific
- acquired
- memory
What’re the two branches of specific immunity
- humoral
- cellular
What’re the two branches of specific immunity
- humoral
- cellular
What is an epitope?
the actual part of the antigen to which antibody binds
If there’s more epitopes what can be said about the strength the response?
It will be stronger
What is hapten?
A molecule that is large enough to be an antigen on its own
Where does penicillin bind in the body?
binds to protein in the blood