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ODDR-Immunology > Immunology 6 > Flashcards

Immunology 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are hypersensitivity reactions

A

abnormal/exaggerated reactions

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2
Q

how many types of hypersensitivity reactions are there

A

4

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3
Q

what type of antigens are present in TYPE 1 hypersensitivity reactions

A

airborne/soluble particles

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4
Q

what’re the steps of the TYPE 1 hypersensitivity
+ what happens if re-exposure occurs

A
  1. soluble antigens -> DC cells
  2. DC=primes immune response + IgE released
  3. IgE binds to mast cells (via Fc regions)
    = mast cell covered in outwards facing IgE
  4. re-exposure = allergens bind to them + releases histamines
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5
Q

what’s the usual reaction with TYPE I hypersensitivity reactions

A

wheal and flare

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6
Q

what’re TYPE 2 hypersensitivity reactions

A

antigen binds to self structures
-become immunogenic

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7
Q

what mediates TYPE 2 hypersensitivity reactions
+ what does it do

A

IgG
- activates complement
- induce phagocytosis + NK cells

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8
Q

what type of antigens does TYPE 3 hypersensitivity reactions react to

A

soluble antigens

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9
Q

what mediates TYPE 3 hypersensitivity reactions

A

Complexes formed by antigen-antibody complexes

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10
Q

what’s the common reaction to a TYPE 3 hypersensitivity reacitons

A

rash/fever

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11
Q

what type of reaction is a TYPE 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

delayed hypersensitivity reaction

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12
Q

what mediates TYPE 4 hypersensitivity reactions

A

effector t-cells
Th1 Th2 CTL

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13
Q

what type of response is caused by autoimmune disease

A

adaptive response to self-antigens

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14
Q

what’re the 3 factors that contribute to autoimmune diseases

A
  1. genetic susceptibility
  2. infection/environmental exposure
  3. tolerance breakdown
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15
Q

what’re the 2 types of autoimmune diseases

A

organ specific
systemic

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16
Q

what animal does:
1. HIV-1
2. HIV-2
originate from

A

chimps
sooty mangabey

17
Q

what type of virus is HIV-1

A

retrovirus

18
Q

how does HIV-1 gain access to cells

A

via gp120 (surface protein)

19
Q

what’re the steps of infection by the HIV-1 virus

A
  1. HIV enters via gp120 (binds to host CD4)
  2. reverse transcriptase -> cDNA
  3. viral cDNA integrates (integrase)
  4. transcribed & translated
  5. viral particles assemble + bud from host
20
Q

how does HIV-1 kill CD4 cells (3)

A
  1. virus cytopathicity (direct killing)
  2. apoctosis
  3. cytotoxic t-cells (kills infected t-cells)
21
Q

when does AIDS occur

A

when CD4 level drops too low

22
Q

what can kill patients with AIDS

A

opportunistic bacteria

23
Q

how does HIV evade the immune system (3)

A
  1. CD4 cells destroyed (normally used to fight disease)
  2. antibodies can’t bind well to it
  3. HIV rapidly mutates

ODDR-Immunology (7 decks)

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