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1. Principles > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immune response?

A

fast and non specific

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2
Q

What is adaptive immune response?

A

slow and specific

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3
Q

What is the adaptive immune response mediated by? and what is it responsible for?

A

T and B lymphocytes

Generating immunulogical memory

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4
Q

What is the innate immune response mediated by?

A

PRR molecules which are PAMP receptors.

PAMPs are expressed on non human pathogen cells

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5
Q

Where do basophils mature?

A

bone marrow

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6
Q

Where do macrophages mature?

A

tissues

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7
Q

Name some pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

IFNg (macrophage activation)
TNFa
IL1
IL6

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8
Q

What are opsonins?

A

they enhance phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response or marking dead cells for recycling

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9
Q

Where does CRP come from?

C reactive protein - marker for inflammation in the body

A

liver

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10
Q

What cells do MHC class 1 and HLA class 1 present to?

A

CD8 T cytotoxic cell

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11
Q

What cells do MHC class 2 and HLA class 2 present to?

A

CD4 T helper cell

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12
Q

Where is class 1 expressed?

A

all nucleated cells

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13
Q

Where is class 2 expressed?

A

only on dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

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14
Q

What do B lymphocytes produce?

A

antibodies

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15
Q

What cells are involved in the innate immune response?

What are they responsible for?

A 
o	Mast cells 
o	NK cells 
o	Phagocytes 
o	Complement 
Acute inflammation and killing of pathogen
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16
Q

What cells are phagocytes and what are their role?

A 
Neutrophils
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells 
Ingest and kill bacteria 
Important source of cytokines
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17
Q

What cells are lymphocytes?

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

18
Q

What are Eosinophils, mast cells and basophils and what is their role?

A

Granular cells

Release chemicals for acute inflammation

19
Q

What is the role of mast cells?

A

Reside in tissues and protect mucosal surfaces

Degranulate and release histamine and tryptase

20
Q

What two cells are recruited to sites of infection?

A

basophils

eosinophils

21
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A
  • Circulate freely in blood
  • Rapidly recruited to inflamed and infected tissues
  • Short-lived professional killer cells
22
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms that neutrophils attack pathogens?

A

o Phagocytosis
o Release of antimicrobial peptides and degradative proteases
o Generate extracellular traps

23
Q

What is a monocyte? and what is the role of macrophages?

A 
- a precursor of macrophages
Reside in tissues 
Ingest and kill extracellular pathogens 
Clear debris from dead tissue cells 
Inflammation 
Tissue repair and wound healing 
Antigen presentation
24
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

immature cells in peripheral tissues that mature and migrate to secondary lymph tissue

25
Q

What is the fate of B and T cells?

A

Effector cells or memory cells

26
Q

What is the site of leukocyte development?

A

Primary lymphoid tissue

27
Q

What is the site where adaptive immune responses initiated?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue

28
Q

Describe IgG antibody?

A

most abundant, actively transported across placenta - gives maternal immunity to fetus

29
Q

Describe IgM antibody?

A

surface bound monomer, 1st Ig type produced during an immune response

30
Q

Describe IgA antibody?

A

2nd most abundant type, monomeric form in blood, dimeric form in breast milk, saliva, tears, mucosal secretions

31
Q

Describe IgE antibody?

A

produced in allergic response (mast cells)

32
Q

Describe IgD antibody?

A

extremely low levels in blood, surface bound

33
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

change the behaviour of a cell

34
Q

Name the 5 types of cytokine?

A

chemokines - control and direct cell migration
interferons (INF) - anti viral functions
interleukins (IL2 and IL10) - T cell proliferation and anti inflammatory)
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - pro-inflammatory

35
Q

What characterises DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

no T cells (T cells are produced in the thymus, underdeveloped thymus means low T cells)

36
Q

What characterises Kostmann Syndrome?

A

no neutrophils
baby will get lots of infections- no neutrophils at all, so in an infection count is low
Recessive

37
Q

What characterises Leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

A

child has neutrophils, but they cannot bind to the infection

So, when there is an infection, neutrophil count is high but infection does not clear.

38
Q

What characterises SCID?

A

no lymphocytes

Presents after 3 months, because protected by maternal IgG until then – diarrhoea + failure to thrive

39
Q

What characterises chronic granulomatous disease?

A

failure to produce free radicals

Diagnose with nitroblue tetrazolium test

40
Q

Name some barriers to infection

A 
Skin 
Mucous
Secretory IgA
Enzymes
Cilia 
Commensal bacteria
41
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system?

A

Classical pathway
Lectin pathway
Alternative pathway

42
Q

What is the complement cascade activated by? and what is its pathway?

A

antibodies

C1-C4-C2-C3

1. Principles (9 decks)

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