Flashcards in Immunology- Foundations Deck (83)
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1
Antigens
-Anything that causes an immune response
-->bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or smaller proteins
2
Antibody (immunoglobulin or Ig)
-Protein molecule created by our immune system to target an antigen for destruction
3
Cytokines
-Cell-to-Cell communication proteins that control cell development, differentiation, and movement to a specific part of the body
-Produced by leukocytes
4
Interleukins
-13 Cytokines that are regulators of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis
5
What are IL's 1 & 6 responsible for?
Fever
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What does IL-6 cause?
"acute-phase response"
7
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
-Activates neutrophils
-Mediates septic shock
-Causes tumor necrosis
8
What are Chemokines?
-Type of cytokine released by infected/injured cells
9
What do Chemokines initiate?
-An immune response by signaling circulating neutrophils and macrophages
-Warn neighboring cells of the threat
10
Interferons (IFN)
-Block/interfere virus replication
-Alpha, beta, and gamma subtypes
11
What is the strongest IFN?
IFN-y
-Produced by T cells
-Activates macrophages, natural killer cells and neutrophils
12
Define shock
Diffuse inflammation in the system
13
Type I interferons
-Alpha and Beta forms
-Function: Induce viral resistance in cells
-Can be produced by almost any cell type in the body
14
Type II Interferons
-Y form
-Secreted ONLY by natural killer cells and T lymphocytes
-Man Function: Signal the immune system to respond to agents or cancerous growth
15
Type I interferon disadvantages
-May actually suppress the immune response
-->important when we talk about things like HIV
16
The immune system
1. Barriers= Skin, coughing
2. Recognition= foreign/mutated cells, recognition of proteins or polypeptides on the surface to recognize foreign cells
3. Destruction=phagocytosis, lysis
17
Innate Immune system
-"Natural immune system"
-Fast, non-specific
-Inflammation, swelling, pus
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Adaptive Immune system
-Specific, "humoral", "cell-mediated"
-Slow
19
Hematopoiesis
Formation and development of the cells that make up "blood"
-Embryo and fetus: occurs in liver, spleen, thymus
-Birth-Adult: occurs primarily in bone marrow
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Where is bone marrow primarily produced in children?
Long bones
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Where is bone marrow primarily produced in adults?
Sternum and pelvis (axial skeleton)
22
Leukocyte
WBC (granulocytes, plasma cells, lymphocytes)
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Lymphocytes
Subset of leukocytes
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Thrombocytes
platelets
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Erythrocytes
RBC's
26
Describe the components of the skin physical barrier
-Protects against invasion
-Acidic pH of sweat
-FA's and enzymes from pores/follicles
27
What do tears, saliva and mucus all have that aids in the protection as a physical barrier?
Lysozyme= protects against gram (+) bacteria
28
Explain the role of Adhesion Molecules
-Membrane proteins that connect cells to other cells or the ECM
-Recruitment of neutrophils to the site of inflammation
29
What results from chronic inflammation?
Chronic cytokine release and leukocyte infiltration-->release of lysozyme and free radicals---> TISSUE DAMAGE
30
What is the second line of defense in the innate immune system?
Granulocytes= Basophils, eoisinophils, neutrophils
31
Explain Basophil's role
-Circulate in bloodstream
-Allergic and helminth response
-Release histamine and heparin
32
PMN
Polymorphoneucolytes= neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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Explain the role of Eosinophils
-Circulate in bloodstream and present in organs (GI tract and respiratory tract)
-Release H202 and other Oxygen Radicals to kill Microbes
-->Viruses, parasites (helminths)
-Release Leukotrienes
-->lipid signaling molecules that cause airway smooth muscle contraction
-Active in allergic reactions, asthma
-Stimulate T lymphocytes (adaptive immune system)
-Act as "antigen presenting cells" (APC)
-Weakly phagocytic
34
What is the most abundant granulocyte?
Neutrophils
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Who are the "first responders" of granulocytes?
Neutrophils
36
What would you expect to be elevated in a bacterial or fungal infection?
Neutrophils
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETS)
Throw out extracellular fibers that bind bacteria
38
What does Neutrophils recruit?
Monocytes and macrophages
-->monocytes are the precursors to macrophages
39
What does Neutrophils release?
Cytokines to recruit monocytes and macrophages
40
Chemotoxins
Neutrophils respond to chemokines
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What do Mast cells release?
-Histamine
-Significant Heparin!!
*Causes inflammatory cascade
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Where do mast cells mature?
In tissues
43
When will mast cells degranulate?
-Injury
-Encounters antigen or allergen
-Exposed to complement proteins
44
Which granulocyte causes anaphylaxis?
Mast cells (because there are so many of them)
45
Anaphylaxis symptoms
*Body-wide vasodilation
-Edema (laryngeal)
-Decreased BP
-N/V/Abdominal pain
-HTN and massive organ failure b/c your aren't profusing organs
46
Myeloid Stem Cells
-Erythrocyte (RBC's)
-Thrombocyte (platelets)
-Myeloblast
-Granulocytes (Basophil, Neutrophil, Eoisinophil, mast cell )
-Monocyte: Macrophages and Dendritic cells
47
Lymphoid Stem Cells
-Natural Killer Cells
-T and B Lymphocytes
-Plasma Cell
48
Where are monocytes stored in the body?
Spleen
49
What are the 3 primary functions of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells?
1. Phagocytosis
2. Antigen presentation (APC's)
3. Cytokine production
50
Who is the strongest of the APC's?
Dendritic Cells
-->Antigens are captured by dendritic cells
-->Migrate to nearest lymph node and present antigen to T cells and B cells
51
Langerhans cells
Specialized dendritic cells in skin
-may be initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of HIV
-target, reservoir, and vector of dissemination
52
What are the 3 stages of readiness in Macrophages?
1. Resting- Cleaning up cellular debris
2. Primed- Activated by injury (cytokines)
3. Hyper-activated-Very initial hyper-inflammatory phase of infection
53
Kupffer cells
-Specialized macrophages w/in liver
-Destroy bacteria and old RBC's
54
What is the result of chronic activation of Kupffer cells?
-Due to toxins, alcohol
-Leads to overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and chronic inflammation
*Result= liver cell damage and cancer
55
Natural Killer Cells
-Cytotoxic lymphocytes
-Active against viruses and cancerous cells
-Contain granules that contain destructive enzymes
56
How do NK cells kill their target?
-Release performs and proteases=cause membrane lysis
-Trigger Apoptosis in target cell
57
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Proteins
"Human leukocyte antigen"
-Cell surface molecules which help the immune system to determine if a protein is "self" or "not-self"
-Bind antigen to cell surface and display for recognition by T cells
58
3 key points of MHC proteins
1. Determines organ donation compatibility
2. Autoimmune dz is a malfunction in this recognition system
3. Participates in T and B cell activation
59
Acute Phase Proteins
-Produced by liver in response to inflammation induced release of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF
-Identify or "mark" pathogens or injured cells for destruction
60
Acute Phase Proteins
-C-reactive protein (CRP)= non-specific
-Mannose-Binding lectin (MBL)
-Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
61
Complement System (Complement Cascade)
-Enhances the ability of phagocytic cells to destroy pathogens
-Made by liver
-Activated by Antigens
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What is the most abundant complement protein in humans?
C3
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What are the complement activation pathways?
1. Classical-Requires triggering
2. Alternative- Continuously activated @ low level
3. Lectin Pathway
64
Functions of Complement
1. Opsonization-Enhancing phagocytosis of antigens by "marking" them for destruction
2. Chemotaxis-Attracting and activating macrophages and neutrophils
-->inducing Mast cells and Basophils to degranulate
3. Lysis- Rupturing pathogen cell-membranes by forming Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
65
Complement "Fixation"
-Antigen combines w/ an antibody and it's complement, causing the complement factor to become inactive or fixed
66
Membrane Attack Complex
-C5b forms a complex w/ C6, C7, C8, C9
-Lysis of cell by disrupting osmotic balance
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Adaptive Immunity
Antibodies: Each only recognize ONE antigen
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Adaptive Immunity Functions
-Directly block binding of the invader to cells
-Inactivate viruses and neutralize toxins
-Opsonization
69
What does increased IgM indicate?
-Recent exposure to antigen
70
What is the initial antibody that is produced?
-IgM=Primary Response
71
IgG
-Formed late in the primary immune response
-Longest half-life of the Ig's (~23 days)
-Used for passive immunization against rabies and hepatitis
72
What is the only class that crosses the placenta?
IgG
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Polyclonal AB
-Prepared from immunized animals
-Each AB can interact/bind w/ multiple sites on antigen
74
Monoclonal AB
-Produced in lab
-Bind only to one site on an antigen
75
Where are IgA's primarily found?
External secretions=Barrier System
76
Hyper-sensitivity reactions IgE
Pt's with hyper IgE profile/syndrome of overproduction of this antibody are prone to massive anaphylaxis reactions
77
Hyper IgM Syndrome
Produces tons of IgM, never convert to IgG so you don’t have a long lasting immune system AND all of the IgM crowds out the rest of Ig’s
*Considered myloproliferative disorder
78
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Where immature lymphocytes (B & T ) grow up and proliferate
-Thymus (T cells) in children
-Bone marrow
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Where antigens are presented to mature B &T lymphocytes to initiate adaptive immune response
-Spleen
-Lymph nodes
-Tonsils and adenoids (lymphatic tissues)
-Appendix
80
B- Cells (lymphocytes)
Eliminate Extracellular pathogens
81
T-Cells (lymphocytes)
Destroy intracellular pathogens
82
"Killer" T-cells
-CD-8
-Cytotoxic
-Identify and kill cells INFECTED w/ viruses
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