immunology vacc dairy cattle (Risco) Flashcards
(33 cards)
1
Q
Ideal vaccine
A
- prolonged immunity
- free adverse side effects
- inexpensive
- stable
- response distinguishable from natural infection
2
Q
Designing vaccine program
A
- disgned per needs of herd
- risk assessment
- dz hx
- biosecurity, animal movement
- vaccination hx
- breeding management: bulls used?
- intended management scheme and management practices
- risk assessment
3
Q
Disease occurs when
A
herd immunity drops below level of disease pressure
4
Q
Declining immunity
A
- stress
- weather
- poor nutrition
- calving
- disease challenge
- booster lapse
5
Q
Colostrum
A
- can be thought of as a vaccine
- Colostrum
- immunoglobulins
- functional maternal immune cells
- interferon
- other immune factors
- vaccination to improve colostral quality
- vaccines against enteric calf pathogens
- E. Coli, rotavirus, coronavirus
- look for specific data on vaccine you want to use
- vaccines against enteric calf pathogens
6
Q
maternal antibody interference
A
- may be a problem with some vaccines (minimal)
- mostly for diseases for which humoral immunity is primary protective mechanism
7
Q
DZ that stimulate primarily cell-mediated protection
A
- BRSV
- BHV-1
- Parainfluenza virus
- leptospira borgpetersennii
*not blocked by maternal antibody
8
Q
DZ that stim humoral response (antibody)
A
- BVD
- Mannheimia haemolytica
- Pasteurella multocida
*blocked by maternal antibody
9
Q
Neonatal corticosteroids
A
- birth to 5 days
- systemic immune resonse decreased dramatically during first few days of life
- worst at 3 days
- back to normal at 5 days
10
Q
Second period of reduced systemic immune system responsiveness
A
- between 3-5 weeks
- poorly understood
- corrosponds to when maternal T cells are disappearing from calf
- in calves fed fresh colostrum
- especially well documented for vaccines against the 4 primary viral diseases
11
Q
Factors influencing vaccine efficacy
Stress
A
- don’t vaccinate 1 week before or 1 week after stressful procedures
- castration
- dehorning
- weaning and movement
12
Q
Factors influencing vaccine efficacy
Stage lactation
A
- periparturient immune suppression
- 3-4 weeks pre and post calving
- delayed and decreased inflammatory responses
- may also delay or impair responses to vaccines
13
Q
How to assess vaccine efficacy
A
- look at label
14
Q
Label claims
USDA allows….
A
- Prevention of infection: Lepto is only one
- Prevention of disease
- Aid in disease prevention
- Aid in disease control
- Other
- pathogen shedding reduction
15
Q
Modified live (attenuated)
advantages
A
- strong and long-acting immunity
- effective intranasal and orally
- less risk hypersensitivity
- may stimulate interferon
- humoral and CMI
16
Q
Modified live (attenuated)
Disadvantages
A
- mild systemic rxns occur
- risk reversion to virulence
- perpetuation of antigen in pop
- abortion (depending on virus)
- limited shelf life
17
Q
Killed (inactivated) vaccines
Advantages
A
- unlikely to cause dz
- stable in storage
18
Q
Killed (inactivated) vaccines
Disadvantages
A
- incomplete inactivation
- short-lived immunity
- only parenteral route
- hypersensitivity
- adjuvants => local reactions
19
Q
booster importance
A
- follow label directions
- yearly booster recommended for MVL and killed
- killed vaccines require booster before protection complete
20
Q
Responses to Killed vaccines
A
- 1st administration => primary response
- short lived
- weak response
- predominant antibody is IgM
- 2nd administration => anamnestic response
- stronger response
- longer lived
- predominant antibody is IgG
- more memory
21
Q
Booster vaccination failure
A
- booster given too early
- anamnestic response doesn’t occur
- too much time elapse before booster
- booster acts as primary response
22
Q
modified live response
A
- virus or bacteria grows in animal
- don’t need a booster
- stimulates primary and secondary response
23
Q
purpose of adult herd vaccination program
A
- protect adult herd against high-prevalence or disastrous dz
- promote reproductive efficiency
24
Q
Purpose of replacement herd vaccination program
A
- protect the calf against specific pathgens that are prevelant or would be disastrous
- prepare calf for entry into adult herd
25
multiple antigens
* Endotoxin load
* adults: max 3 gram-negative antigens
* young stock: max 2 gram-negative antigens
26
Minimum US dairy herd vacc program
* major viral dzs
* BVD (types 1 and 2)
* BHV-1
* BRSV
* P13
* at least one MLV for replacements prior to first breeding
* establishes strong baseline immunity
* 5 primary leptospira serovars
* major clostridial diseases
* core endotoxin vaccines
* brucellosis
27
Leptospirosis
* Host adapted: repro failure and abortion
* L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo, type hardjo-bovis
* L. interrogans serovar Pomona
* Non host adapted: acute dz
* L. kirshneri serova Grippotyphosa
* L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae
* L. interrogans serovar Canicola
\*something about endemic in rats
\*booster q 6 months I think
\*classic example for concept of boostering
28
always give a particular vaccine at....
* particular site
* helps ID cause of vaccine reactions
29
On-going vaccination monitoring questions
* Are we vaccinating at the right time?
* Are we vaccinating against the right diseases?
* Are we meeting our goals for dz control?
\*Stay current
30
dairy vacc protocol
incoming heifers
* IBR/BVD/P13/BRSV killed
* Clostridium 7-way
* E. Coli J5 K99
* Pinkeye (optional)
31
Tritrichomonus fetus
* don't use in bulls
* lives in fornix of prepuce of bulls (no good immune resp)
32
Brucella
* don't vaccinate a bull
* because then they will be positive
33
vaccination trouble-shooting
* fridge working
* handling
* timing, site,
