Induced Immunity: Cellular Responses and Cytokines Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
What are the two innate immunity effector pathways?
A
- Immediate
2. Induced
2
Q
What are the effector functions of Immediate innate immunity?
A
- Barriers
- Antimicirobial peptides
- Opsonization
- Inflammation
- Cellular recruitment
3
Q
What are the 3 aspects of Opsonization?
A
- Isolation
- Pore Formation
- Targeting
4
Q
What are the induced effector functions?
A
- Phagocytosis
- Targeted killing
- Antimicrobial Peptides
- Cytokine Release
- Inflammation
- Cellular recruitment
- B and T cell activation
5
Q
List the local tissue resident immune cells
A
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
- Mast cells
- Specialized T cells
6
Q
What are the pro-inflammatory signaling molecules?
A
- Cytokines
- Eicosanoids
- Acute phase response
7
Q
Under what circumstances would you see an interferon response?
A
Infected, damaged, or diseased tissues
8
Q
Under what conditions would you get altered MHC expression?
A
Infected, damaged, or diseased tissues
9
Q
What are the steps of the inflammatory response?
A
- Healthy skin is not inflamed
- Surface wound introduces bacteria, which activates resident effector cells to secrete cytokines
- Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability allow fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissue
- The infected tissue becomes inflamed, causing redness, heat, swelling, and pain
10
Q
What are the general factors involved in the initiation of the induced immunity?
A
- Local, tissue resident immune cells
- Complement system
- Pro-inflammatory signaling
- Infected, damaged, or diseased tissues
11
Q
Macrophages are derived from ______
A
Monocytes
12
Q
What do you call resident macrophages in the brain?
A
Microglia
13
Q
What do you call resident macrophages in bone?
A
Osteoclasts
14
Q
What do you call resident macrophages in the liver?
A
Kupffer cells
15
Q
What do you call resident macrophages in the skin?
A
Langerhans cells
16
Q
What do Macrophages do?
A
- Induce and direct inflammation
- Activate adaptive immune system (T cells)
- Initiation of immune responses
17
Q
What are the effector mechanisms used by machrophages?
A
- Phagocytosis
- Cytokine release
- Degranulation
- Antigen presentation
18
Q
What is an example of Innate immune cells recognizing extracellular patterns?
A
Macrhophage receptors recognize the cell-surface carbohydrates of bacterial cells but not those of human cells
19
Q
What is an example of innate immune cells recognizing intracellular patterns?
A
NK cell receptors recognize changes at the surface of human cells that are caused by viral infection
20
Q
T/F Pattern Recognition Receptors are present on most innate cells
A
TRUE
21
Q
Pattern recognition receptors have both local and direct activation T/F
A
TRUE
22
Q
List the common pattern recognition receptors that are macrophage receptors
A
- Mannose receptor
- Complement Receptors 3 and 4
- Dectin-1
- Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure
- Scavenger Receptor A
- Scavenger receptor B
- Lipopolysaccharide receptor
23
Q
What would you associate CD206 with?
A
Mannose receptor
24
Q
What would you associate Mac-1, CD11b or CD18 with?
A
Complement receptors 3 and 4
25
What is MARCO?
Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure
26
What is CD36?
Scavenger receptor B
27
What is CD14?
Lipopolysaccharide receptor
28
What is Phagocytosis?
Pathogen Internalization and Destruction
29
What are the innate phagocytic cells?
1. Macrophages
2. Dendritic cells
3. Neutrophils
30
What are the steps of Phagocytosis?
1. Bacterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations called Pseudopodia
2. Bacterium is Ingested, forming phagosome
3. Phagosome fuses with lysosome
4. Bacterium is killed and then digested by lysosomal enzymes
5. Digestion products are released from the cell
31
Which of the macrophage receptors is a Beta-glucan receptor?
Dectin-1
32
What does MHC stand for?
Major histocompatibility complex
33
Toll-like receptors activate _______
Macrophages
34
T/F Toll like receptors are expressed widely throughout the immune system
TRUE
35
What is required for Toll like receptor (TLR) Activation?
Dimerization
36
What are the two types of Dimerization?
1. Heterodimerization
| 2. Homodimerization
37
How would Heteodimerization occur?
Binding of 2 TLRs to the same lipopeptide induces dimerization, bringing their cytoplasmic TIR domains into close proximity
38
TLR signaling intitiates _________ through _______
1. Cytokine prouction
| 2. NF-kB
39
What do NOD receptors detect?
Degraded Antigens
40
What does NOD stand for?
Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain
41
T/F Inflammosomes are formed by NOD receptors
TRUE
42
NOD receptors induce ________
Cytokine expression and release
43
NOD receptors recognize intracellular ________
PAMPs and DAMPs
44
What are some examples of intracellular PAMPs or DAMPs recognized by NOD receptors?
- Microbial Toxins
- Viruses
- Cell stress proteins
45
T/F NOD receptors cooperate with TLRs
TRUE
46
What does NOD receptor recognition of bacterial cell wall components lead to?
Activation of NFkB
47
Inflammasomes activate and promote __________
Cytokine release
48
T/F Inflammasomes function as somewhat of a checkpoint
TRUE
49
What type of activity do Inflammasomes have?
Proteolytic
50
What effect do inflammsomes have on other pro-inflammatory activity?
They enhance it
51
Inflammasomes drive ________
Cytokine release
52
What are cytokines?
Signaling molecules of the immune system
53
Are cytokines soluble or insoluble?
Mostly soluble
54
What type of signaling do cytokines predominantly use?
Paracrine and autocrine
55
Give some examples of the nomenclature of Cytokines
- Interleukins
- Chemokines
- etc
56
Name the 6 families of cytokines
1. Class I
2. Class II
3. Interleukin 1
4. Interleukin 17
5. TNF
6. Chemokines
57
What is the classification of the 6 families of interleukins based on?
Receptor Morphology
58
T/F Cytokines only effect immune tissues
FALSE, the effect immune and non-immune tissues
59
What are the common intracellular signaling pathways associated with Cytokines?
1. JAK-STAT
2. MAPK
3. NF-kB
60
T/F Macrophages can release Inflammatory cytokines
TRUE
61
Give 5 examples of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines
1. IL-12
2. CXCL8
3. IL-6
4. TNF-alpha
5. IL-1Beta
62
IL-1B, IL-6, and TNF-a have systemic effects in which areas of the body?
1. Liver
2. Bone Marrow Endothelium
3. Hypothalamus
4. Fat, muscle
5. Dendritic cells
63
What do inflammatory cytokines stimulate in the liver?
Liver Acute Phase response
64
Cytokines can also intitiate leukocyte recruitment T/F
TRUE
65
What are the steps of cytokines Initiating leukocyte recruitment?
1. Cytokines produced by macrophages cause dilation of local small blood vessels
2. Leukocytes move to periphery of blood vessel as a result of increased expression of adhesion molecules by endothelium
3. Leukocytes extravasate at site of infection
4. Blood clotting occurs in the microvessels
66
What are the 3 things that Extravasation depends on?
1. Chemokines
2. Adhesion Molecules
3. Proteases
67
What are chemoattractants?
Chemokines
68
What would you consider Tether leukocytes to be?
Adhesion molecules
69
What would consider molecules that open the ebasement membranes like MMPs and Elastases?
Proteases
70
What do chemokine gradients do?
recruit cells to tissues
71
Leukocytes Extravasate to where?
The site of inflammation
72
How do Leukocytes such as Neutrophils exit the blood and enter the tissue at the sit of inflammation?
1. Chemokine receptor activation leads to binding
2. Binding Triggers protease release
3. Basement membrane degradation and chemokines induce diapedesis and tissue entry
73
What does excessive plasma TNF-a cause?
Septic shock syndrome
74
Describe Toxic Shock syndrome from excessive TNF-a in plasma
- Often initiated by blood-borne infection
- Systemic extravasation
- Systemic Neutrophil infiltration
- Vascular Collapse
- Rapid Multi-organ failure
75
What is the primary cell of the induced response?
Neutrophils
76
What are the effector mechanisms of neutrophils?
1. Phagocytosis
2. Degranulation
3. Extracellular Traps
4. Cytokine Release
77
What is the relative size of neutrophils?
They are small but numerous
78
What are the 4 neutrophil granule types?
1. Azurophil Granules
2. Specific Granules
3. Gelatinase Granules
4. Secretory Granules
79
What two purposes are served by Granules?
1. Phagocytosis
| 2. Degranulation
80
Which innate immune cell is associated with an oxidative burst?
Neutrohpils
81
Dendritic cells intitiate _________
Adaptive immunity
82
Are Dendritic cells resident in tissue?
Yes
83
Dendritic cells are derived from _______
Monocytes
84
Describe the range of PRRs of dendritic cells
- They have an enormous range of PRRs
| - Different PRRs induce different responses
85
T/F Dendritic cells are phagocytes
TRUE
86
How are Dendritic cells associated with antigens?
- Process pathogens into antigens
| - Present antigens to lymphocytes
87
T/F Dendritic cells perform cytokine regulation
TRUE
88
What targets infected, diseased, and stressed cells?
Natural Killer Cells
89
Which cells would you describe as Large, cytotoxic lymphocytes?
NK cells
90
NK cells have diverse combinations of ___________ and ___________ receptors
1. Activating
| 2. Inhibitory
91
NK cells target and kill _________
Diseased self cells
92
Which cells respond to interferons, MHC class I and Unique stress ligands?
NK cells
93
NK cells regulate the shift from _______ to _______
1. Induced innate
| 2. Adaptive immune
94
Bone marrow education selects __
Functional receptor patterns
95
What causes the interferon response?
Viral infections
96
What is RLR?
Retinoic-acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptor
97
What is MAV?
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein
98
What are interferons?
They are cytokines
99
When acting as cytokines, what do interferons do?
1. Reduce viral replication
2. Prevent cell division
3. Induce Apoptosis
4. Activate NK cells, T cells, Macrophages
100
What releases Interferons?
Diseased or stressed cells
**Intracellular infection or cancer
101
Aside from diseased or distressed cells, what else can release interferons?
Leukocytes
102
How many types of Interferons are there?
3
103
What are the type I interferons?
1. IFN-alpha
2. IFN-Beta
3. IFN-E
4. IFN-K
5. IFN-w
104
What are the type II interferons?
IFN-y
105
What are the Type III interferons?
IFN-upside down y
106
Interferons activate ________
NK cells
107
DC cells locally activate _________
NK cells
108
During a large NK response what happens to the DC presentation?
It is inhibited
109
During a small NK response what happens to DC cells?
They are activated
110
Granulocytes protect _______
Local tissues
111
Where do you find Granulocytes?
Predominant in tissues, rare in the blood
112
What do granulocytes respond to?
Parasitic organisms
113
Granulocytes are responsible for intitiating _________
Type I hypersensitivity (allergic reactions)
114
What do Granulocytes do when activated?
Degranulate
*Cell-type specific granule components
115
Granulocytes express PRRs which are _______
Often primed by prior adaptive responses
