Infection And Immunity

Question 1

Name the 3 modes of horizontal transmission.

Answer 1

contact
Inhalation
Ingestion

Question 2

What is vertical transmission?

Answer 2

Mother to child at or before birth

Question 3

Define infection

Answer 3

Invasion by host tissue by microorganism causing disease by microbial multiplication, toxin release and triggering an immune response

Question 4

Define microbiota

Answer 4

Normal site for microorganisms (commensals)

Question 5

Define microbiom

Answer 5

The microorganism and the environment

Question 6

What are the five steps that lead to infection?

Answer 6

Exposure
Adherence
Invasion
Multiplication
Dissemination

Question 7

Name the factors of the pathogen (3) and person (2) that determines disease.

Answer 7

Pathogen:
Virulence factor
Inoculum size
Antimicrobial resistance

Person:
Site of infection
Co morbidities

Question 8

Name the 5 supportive investigations done to check for infection.

Answer 8

FBC 
CRP
LFT, KFT
Imaging
Histopathology

Question 9

Name 3 DNA viruses.

Answer 9

Hep B
Herpes
Adenovirus

Question 10

Name 3 RNA viruses.

Answer 10

HIV
Norovirus
Influenza

Question 11

Name 3 gram positive cocci

Answer 11

Staph aureus
Strep viridans
Strep pneumoniae

Question 12

Name three gram negative cocci

Answer 12

Neissera meningitidis
Neissera gonorrhoea
Moraxella cattarrhalis

Question 13

Name three gram positive bacilli.

Answer 13

Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Mycobacterium TB
C diff

Question 14

Name three gram negative bacilli.

Answer 14

E. coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae 
Salmonella typhi 
Influenza
H. Pylori
Pseudomonas arigonosus

Question 15

And the yeast that causes thrush

Answer 15

Candida albicans

Question 16

Name the parasite that causes malaria

Answer 16

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 17

Name four ideal features of an antimicrobial.

Answer 17

Selective toxicity
Few adverse side effect
Reach site of infection
Oral and IV formulation

Question 18

Give an example of a beta lactam and its effect on cell wall synthesis.

Answer 18

Penicillin-blocks action of penicillin binding protein, preventing cross linking in cell wall synthesis…leads to osmotic instability

Question 19

Giv an example of a glycopeptide and its effect on cell wall synthesis.

Answer 19

Vancomycin-stops penicillin binding protein from binding in the first place (in comparison to penicillin)

Question 20

Name three antibacterials that affect protein synthesis.

Answer 20

Tetracycline (class)
Erythromycin
Gentamicin

Question 21

Name two antibacterials that affect nucleic acid synthesis.

Answer 21

Rifampicin

Ciprofloxacin

Question 22

Name four ways resistance to antibacterials may develop.

Answer 22

Drug inactivating enzymes (e.g. Beta lactamases)
Altered target
Altered uptake
Mutation and horizontal gene transfer

Question 23

What are the three steps of horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 23

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation

Question 24

What type of bacteria is penicillin active against? (Specific bacteria and +-)

Answer 24

Strep (gram +ve)

Question 25

Give the names of the two bacteria flucloxicillin is active against?

Answer 25

Staph and strep

Question 26

Give an example of a beta lactamase inhibitor

Answer 26

Co amoxiclav

Question 27

Does co amoxiclav fight gram negative or positive bacteria?

Answer 27

Hahahah trick! It's BOTH

Question 28

When would a cephalosporin be used, but what are the concerns? Give a named example

Answer 28

CSF in meningitis Concerns over c diff being introduced Ceftriaxone

Question 29

Give a named example of an antibacterial beta lactam that can be used in place of penicillin for a person with penicillin allergy. What part of bacteria does it target?

Answer 29

Meropenem | Cell wall synthesis

Question 30

Is vancomycin effective on most gram positives or negatives? What part of bacteria does it target?

Answer 30

Positive | Cell wall synthesis

Question 31

Name two tetracyclines that can be used on someone with a penicillin allergy and do they target gram positive or negative bacteria? What part of bacteria do they target?

Answer 31

Doxycycline and tetracycline Gram positive Protein synthesis

Question 32

Which aminoglycoside is reserved for use in severe gram negative sepsis and what part of the bacteria does it target?

Answer 32

Gentamicin | Protein synthesis

Question 33

Give an example of a macrolide that is an alternative for penicillin on mild gram positive infections and what part of bacteria it targets.

Answer 33

Erythromycin | Protein synthesis

Question 34

Give an example if a quinolone that is active against gram negative bacteria and how it does this.

Answer 34

Ciprofloxacin | Nucleic acid synthesis

Question 35

What treats fungus candida? How does it target the fungus?

Answer 35

Fluconazole | Inhibit cell membrane synthesis

Question 36

What antifungul treats topical candida?

Answer 36

Nyastin

Question 37

Which antiviral treats herpes simplex and chickenpox

Answer 37

Aciclovir

Question 38

What antiviral treats influenza?

Answer 38

Aseltamivir

Question 39

Name the agent that is active against anaerobic bacteria and Protozoa?

Answer 39

Metronidazole