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Pharmacology > Infectious Process > Flashcards

Infectious Process Flashcards

1
Q

What are the chains of transmission?

A 
Agent/pathogen/microbe
Reservoir
Portal of exit/entry
Mode transmission
Host
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2
Q

What is meant by agent/pathogen/microbe?

A

Disease causing organism

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3
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Place a pathogen lives and reproduces

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4
Q

What are examples of reservoirs?

A

Animals, humans, environment

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5
Q

What is a port of entry/exit?

A

Port of entry
-route by which a pathogenic infects host

Port of exit
-route by which pathogen exits host

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6
Q

What are examples of port of entry/exit?

A

Port of entry

  • inhalation
  • ingestion
  • bites

Port of exit

  • TB exits out of respiratory tract
  • parasites through feces
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7
Q

What is mode of transmission?

A

The mechanism the agent is spread

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8
Q

What are examples of modes of transmission

A

Airborne, droplets, contact

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9
Q

What is a host?

A

An individual at risk for contracting the infectious agent

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10
Q

What are examples of hosts?

A

Immunocompromised
Malnourish
Person that isn’t immunized

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11
Q

How do we break the chain of infection with reservoir?

A

Mosquito eradication
Sewage treatment
Water treatment

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12
Q

How do we break the chain of infection with port of exit

A

Masking
Gloving
Condom use
Isolation

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13
Q

How do we break the chain of infection with port of entry

A

Masking
Gloving
Condom use

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14
Q

How do we break the chain of infection with modes of transmission

A

PPE
Sterile technique
hand washing
Thorough food cooking

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15
Q

How do we break the chain of infection with host

A

Vaccination
Optimal rest
Optimal nutrition

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16
Q

what is symbiosis

A

interaction between two or more species living in direct contact with each other.

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17
Q

What is mutualism

A

benefits both partners in the relationship

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18
Q

What is an example of mutualism

A

Bee and flowers

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19
Q

What is commensalism

A

one partner benefits and the other is not harmed

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20
Q

Wha is an example of commensalism

A

Barnacles attached to whales. The barnacles don’t harm the whales it just benefits from the whale.

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21
Q

Name physical and mechanical barriers and the risk factors

A 
Skin
Mucous membrane
Sweat
Saliva 
Tears
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22
Q

What interferes with the barriers?

A

Skin tears
Open wounds
foley catheters
IV

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23
Q

What are the risk factors?

A 
Age
Nutritional status
Chronic illness 
Immunosuppression
Chronic stress
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24
Q

Define pathogencity

A

Ability of an agent to cause disease

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of a pathogen/microbe?

A 
Adherence
Virulence
Invasion
Endotoxins
Exotoxins
Biofilms
Bacterial enzymes
Antiphagocytic enzymes
Endospores
Mobility
Antimicrobial resistance
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26
Q

Define virulence

A

Capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease

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27
Q

What is an example of virulence?

A

Measles virus have low virulence

Rabies and ebola viruses have high virulence

28
Q

Define a pathogen

A

Bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites

29
Q

Define toxigencity

A

Ability to produce soluble toxins or endotoxins

30
Q

Define adherence

A

The features that cause it to stick

31
Q

Define invasion

A

how pathogen enters

32
Q

Define Endotoxins

A

when bacteria dies, secretes endotoxins

33
Q

Define Antiphagocytic factors

A

bacteria can’t be tagged by phagocytosis

34
Q

Define biofilms

A

slimy film, group of bacteria accumulating and stick together

35
Q

Define endospores

A

dormant/resting stage

layer that is resistant to heat and chemicals

36
Q

Define mobility

A

flagella

37
Q

Define antimicrobial resistance

A

mutation by the microbe that allow them to survive by the presence of antibiotics

38
Q

What is a bacteria?

A

Single cell, Rigid wall, No internal organelles

39
Q

What are the different bacterial shapes

A

cocci (spherical)
bacilli (rod or comma)
spiral (twisted)

40
Q

What are the gram stain colors for bacteria?

A

Positive (dark blue)
Negative (pink)
Acid fast (resist stain)

41
Q

What do the gram stains help us determine?

A

The components of the cell wall

Helps us figure out what types of antibiotics to administer to kill them

42
Q

What is the oxygen requirement of bacteria?

A

Either anaerobe or aerobic

43
Q

Name the above characteristics for staphlococci

A

Spherical, gram positive, anaerobice

44
Q

What is a fungi?

A

Eukaryotic, contains organelles, form complex structures, thick rigid, cell wall

45
Q

What are the characteristics of fungi?

A

Many are a part of normal flora

46
Q

When do fungi cause problems?

A

When body’s defense mechanisms are compromised

47
Q

Infections caused by fungi are called what?

A

Mycoses, mycotic infections

48
Q

What are the locations of fungi?

A

Superficial & cutaneous
-tinea

Subcutaneous
-ulcers and abscesses

Systemic
-invasive, heart, lungs

49
Q

What are parasites

A

They establish themselves WITH another organism and benefit from the other

50
Q

Name the different types of parasites

A

Protozoa (single celled)

Helminthes (roundworms and flatworms)

Arthropods (invertebrate animals with jointed appendages)

51
Q

What are the common sites of infection for parasites?

A

Skin and GI tract

52
Q

What are viruses?

A

Most common afflictions

Simple microorganisms- no metabolism, incapable of independent reproduction

53
Q

Do virus need to infect host?

A

Yes to replicate- turn those cells into replication

machine

54
Q

Why can they bypass defense mechanisms?

A

They develop intracellularly

55
Q

Name the clinical infectious stages

A

Incubation
Prodromal
Illness
Convalescence

56
Q

Define incubation

A

period from initial exposure to onset of first symptoms

57
Q

Define prodromal

A

occurrence of initial symptoms (mild)

58
Q

Define illness

A

Pathogen is multiplying rapidly

Immune and inflammatory responses are being triggered

Development of symptoms specific to the pathogen

59
Q

Define convalescence

A

Gradual Recovery

Immune and inflammatory systems have successfully removed agent and symptoms decline

Latency phase with resolution until reactivation

Fatal

60
Q

Define acute

A

relatively severe manifestations, but short course

61
Q

Define chronic

A

lasts for months to years

62
Q

Define Subclinical

A

patient functions normally, even though disease processes are well established

63
Q

Define exacerbation

A

sudden increase in severity

64
Q

Define remission

A

decline in severity of the illness

65
Q

What are GENERAL clinical manifestations of infection?

A

Depends on characteristics of pathogen and host

Majority of signs and symptoms are from immune response and inflammation

Nonspecific: fatigue, malaise, weakness, general aching and loss appetite

Hallmark is fever except in which of patients
• Elder, infants, immunosuppressed patients

66
Q

What are interventions

A

Prevent infections by dealing with chain of transmission
Eliminate microorganisms by pharm measures
Comfort care

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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