Integrating Metabolism Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
the liver is a very fexible organ that changes ________ expression to meet short and long term needs
A
enzyme
2
Q
the fate of carbohydrates in the liver is dependent on
A
metabolic needs
3
Q
what type of regulation is important to carbohydrate metabolism?
A
allosteric & hormonal
4
Q
initial processing of CHOs yields
A
G-6-P
5
Q
5 fates of G-6-P
A
- glucose processing
- glycogen
- glycolysis
- lipids
- PPP
6
Q
what are the 4 fates of amino acids in the liver
A
- protein synthesis
- branched amino acids remain untouched
- synthesis of hormones nucleotides
- degradation
7
Q
what are the 3 methods of degradation for amino acids in the liver?
A
- deamination
- transaminaton
- glucogenic/ketogenic
8
Q
ketone bodies are formed from
A
AcCoAs
9
Q
AcCoAs are used to make
A
cholesterol
10
Q
what type of oxidation produces AcCoAs?
A
B-oxidation
11
Q
what cells store lipids and FAs in the liver
A
ito cells
12
Q
how are FAs and lipids transported?
A
by making them triglycerides that are then transported by VLDL or albumin
albumin transports up to 10 fatty acids
12
Q
provide 2 reasons why adipose tissue is not as inactive as we think
A
- extensive glutamine metabolism
- hybernation
13
Q
HSL plays a major role in
A
metabolism
14
Q
how is HSL regulated
A
- inactivated by insulin
- activated by epinephrine & glucagon
15
Q
w/ HSL what is the fate of glycerol?
A
taken back to glycolysis or gluconeogenesis
16
Q
brown adipose tissue is high in
A
- MTCH content
- vascularization
17
Q
what is the relation of brown adipose tissue in obese ppl?
A
decreased levels
18
Q
non-shivering thermogenesis is reliant on what ETS uncoupling protein>
A
thermogenin
19
Q
explain the function of thermogenin
A
- couples ATP synthesis to electron/proton movement to generate heat
20
Q
explain how the muscle chooses to use different fuels according to work load
A
- resting: uses FA from adipose tissues and ketone bodies
- working: glucose, FA, ketone bodies
21
Q
when a muscle’s maximal work load is reached what is the alternate ATP supply?
A
phosphocreatine
22
Q
what production is favored when a muscle is at its maximal work load? what are the predominant cycles?
A
- favored: lactate production
- cycles: cori & anerobic glycolysis
23
Q
what are the brains 2 primary fuels?
A
glucose & ketone bodies
24
what are the 2 major fuels of the body?
FA & carbohydrates
25
what are the storage forms of FAs and carbohydrates?
FAs: triglycerides
carbohydrates: glycogen
26
what are the 4 major hormone classes?
1. peptides
2. amines
3. steroids
4. elcosanoids
27
peptides are produced by the
hypothalamus & pituitary gland
| act on pancreas to release insulin,glucagon.somatostatin
28
what are amines formed from? give some examples
formed from: tyrosine
ex: epinephrine, thyroid hormone
29
steroids are formed from? give some examples
formed from: cholesterol
ex: Vit.D calcitriol
30
elcosanoids are fromed from
20 carbon fatty acids
31
what are the regulation methods for hormone concentrations?
- secretion
- internalization
- degradation
32
what specific types of hormones have a rapid response? which have a slow-acting reponse? what are the reasons for this?
rapid: peptides, amines
slow-acting: thyroid, cortisol
reasons: mode of action & receptor location
33
list the Hierarchy of Hormonal Control
environment -> CNS -> hypothalamus -> pituitary -> secondary organs -> primary targets
34
what are the 2 organs of the endocrine network?
1. hypothalamus
2. adrenal medulla
35
what does the hypothalamus answer to?
the CNS
36
the adrenal medulla produces
epinephrine
37
the pituitary gland releases hormones to
secondary organs
38
what are the 5 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that activate secondary organs?
1. ACH
2. TSH
3. FSH
4. LH
5. GH
39
what are the 2 major functions of the pancreas
- exocrine: insulin & glucagon
- endocrine: aids in digestion
40
the pancreas produces peptide hormones by cells types. Which cells produce which hormones?
- a cells: glucagon
- B-cells: insulin
- S-cells: somatostatin
41
what 3 hormones play a major role in regulating glucose metabolism in the body?
1. insulin: glucose needs to be used
2. glucagon: glucose needs to be made/conserves
3. epinephrine
42
the release of insulin is tightly regulated by
blood glucose
43
what 2 major metabolic activities are stimulated by insulin?
1. glucose uptake/use
2. FA synthesis/storage
44
list some activities that are increased w/ insulin
- glucose uptake
- glycolysis
- glycogenesis
- FA syn
- TG syn
45
which enzymes are increased w/ insulin
- glucokinase
- PFK-1
- PDH
- glycogen synthase
- AcCoA carboxylase
46
which activities are decreased by insulin?
glycogenolysis
47
which enzyme activities are decreased by insulin?
glycogen phosphorylase
48
what is released in response to low glucose concentrations
glucagon
49
list the 3 methods in which glucagon can help to increase blood glucose levels
1. glycogen metabolism
2. glucose metabolism
3. FA metabolism
50
what are the metabolic effects of glucagon in the liver?
- glycogenolysis: I phosphorylase
- glycogenesis: D glycogen synthase
- glycolysis: D PFK-1
- gluconeogenesis: I F16BiP ---- D PK
51
what is the effect of glucagon in adipose tissue?
fatty acid mobilization: I HSL
52
what are the physiological effects exhibited by epinephrine?
- I pluse rate
- I BP
- D dialation
| increase O2 delivery to muscles
53
what are the metabolic effects exhibited by epinephrine?
- I [blood glucose]
- glucose metabolism
- FA metabolism
- hormonal signals
54
list 4 reasons why we can NOT survive 3 months w/o eating
1. ketacedosis
2. below 50% body protein
3. dehydration
4. osmolarity
55
how can the liver adapt to starvation?
1. break down proteins for glucose
2. use products from the TCA cycle to make glucose
3. oxidizes FAs
4. KB increases
56
what might be an adaptation in repose to calorie restricted diets and cancer?
cahexia
57
name the two serums that when decreased can induce apoptosis in cultured cells
FBS & BSA
58
what is the function of the liver
service organ
59
what are some major pathways of the liver?
- urea cycle
- bile salts syn
60
major substrates of the liver
- FA
- glucose
- lactate
- glycerol
- AAs
61
liver products
- glucose
- VLDL
- HDL
- urea
- uric acid
62
liver specialty enzymes
- glucokinase
- G-6-P
- glycerol kinase
- PEPCK
- arginase
- HMGCoA synthase
- HMGCoA lyase
63
brain function
coordinate events
64
brain major pathways
- glycolysis
- AA metabolism
65
brain substrates
- glucose
- AA
- ketone bodies
66
brain major product
lactate
67
heat function
circulation
68
heart major pathways
aerobic
69
heart substrates
- FAs
- lactate
- glucose
70
heart specialty enzymes
- lipoprotein lipase
- extensive electron transport chain
71
function of adipose tissue
store and release triglycerides
72
adipose tissue major pathways
- FA esterification
- triglycerides hydrolysis
73
adipose tissue major substrates
- glucose
- lipoproteins
74
adipose tissue major products
- FAs
- glycerol
75
adipose tissue specialty enzymes
- lipoprotein lipase
- hormone sensitive lipase
76
muscle function
motion
77
muscle major pathways
- glycolysis
- aerobic
78
muscle major substrates
- glucose
- ketone bodies
- FAs
79
muscle major products
lactate
80
muscle specialty enzymes
- lipoprotein lipase
- extensive electron transport system
80
kidneys function
excretion
| makes glucose in extended starvation
81
kidneys major pathways
- gluconeogenesis
- arginine synthesis
82
kidneys major substrates
- FAs
- lactate
- glycerol
83
kidneys major products
glucose
84
kidneys specialty enzymes
PEPCK
85
RBCS function
oxygen transport
86
RBCs major pathways
- glycolysis
- PPP
87
RBCs major substrates
glucose
88
RBCs major products
lactate
89
RBCs specialty protein
hemoglobin
90
diabetes is a disease of
carbohydrate metabolism
91
what are the characteristics, causes, and treatments for type I diabetes?
characteristics: D B-cells, hyperglycemia, low insulin
treatments: insulin
causes: autoimmune destruction
92
what are the characteristics, causes, and treatments for type II diabetes?
characteristics: peripheral insulin resistance
causes: insulin insensitivity
treatment: excerise, diet
93
why is diabetes so dangerous?
advanced glycation endproducts: OH reacts w/ lipoproteins/liporeceptors causing extensive damage
94
what are the symptoms of type I diabetes?
polydypsia, polyuria
