intro Flashcards by Naomi Antony

What happened to Trey?

A five-year-old boy who ran into a car are. His mom took him to CMC to be checked where he was alert at first, but then became lethargic. He died eight hours later.

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What is the neuron doctrine?

Brain is composed of independent cells, signals are transmitted from cell to cell across gaps(synapses)

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What are the three kinds of neurons?

Unipolar, bipolar, and multi polar.

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What is bipolar neurons?

One axon one dendrite and is usually sensory

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What is unipolar neuron?

single extension branch in two directions, forms, receptive for an output zone

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What is multipolar neurons?

One axon, many dendrites – most common type.

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What are the four functional zones that are neurons have?

Input zone, integration, zone, conduction, zone, and output zone

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What is the inputs zone?

Where neurons collect and integrate information either from the environment or from other cells

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What is the integration zone?

Where the decision to produce neuron signal is made

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What is the conduction zone?

Where Information can be transmitted over a great distances.

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What is the output zone?

The neuron transfers information to other cells.

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What are two kinds of brain cells?

neurons, and glia.

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What are the three kinds of neuron function?

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

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What are sensory neurons?

respond to environment such as light, odor, and touch

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What are motor neurons?

Contact muscles are glands.

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What are interneurons?

Receive input from and sent input to other neurons– integration -most neurons in the CNS

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What do glial cells do?

Support the brain.

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What are the four kinds of glial cells?

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia.

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What do you need to know about astrocytes?

Most numerous glial cell and brain, fill spaces between neurons for support, provide blood brain, barrier, and regulate composition of extracellular space

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What does Alexander disease?

Astrocytes fill with GFAP, then fail

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What do you need to know about oligodendrocytes?

Wrap axons with myelin sheaths inside brain spinal cord, each oligodendrocyte wraps several axons, forms, segment of myelin sheath called nodes of Ranvier were axon membrane is exposed.

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What is multiple sclerosis?

Oligodendrocyte injury from auto immune attack.

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What are microglia cells?

move around, clean up debris from dying neurons and glia

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What are ependymal cells?

Line ventricles, secrete and absorb cerebral spinal fluid

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How do dendritic spines change?

Have neural plasticity– their number and structure are rapidly altered by experience.

What two activations are in charge of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic activation, and parasympathetic activation.

What is sympathetic activation?

Prepares the full body for action-all or nothing-usually under stress

What is the parasympathetic activation?

Rest and digest-one by one,organ by organ-usually chilling

How does sympathetic activation and parasympathetic activation interact?

They are opposites and fight each other for supremacy.

Medial

towards the middle

Apsilateral

same side

head end

Proximal

near center

Dorsal

towards the back

Lateral

towards the side

Contralateral

opposite side

Posterior

tail end

Distal

toward the outside

Ventral

towards the belly

Afferent

carries impulses into a region of interest(sensory)– arm-> brain

Efferent

carries impulses away from a region of interest(motor)– brain-> arm

Coronal

separates the brain from front to back, resembles a butterfly

Sagittal(mid sagittal)

slices the brain down the midline so you can see what’s on each half

Horizontal

separate brain from top to bottom

What do the axon bundles act as?

A Communicator.

What is white matter?

Compose of axon bundles

Why is white matter white?

Myelin sheaths(white fatty tissue) cover the axons

What is the most common type of neuron in the brain?

Interneuron

What is Grey matter?

Composed of clusters of neuron cell bodies, have dark, gray appearance

What is the basal ganglia in charges?

Movement control

In the basal ganglia what is everything wrapped around?

Thalamus

What is the limbic system in charge of?

Emotional memory, regulation.

What system do drugs compromise?

The limbic system

What is the cerebellum in charge of?

Motor coordination, and learning.

What powers the thalamus?

The brainstem.

What is reticular formation?

Sleep and arousal, body temperature.

What are meninges?

Brain wrappings

What is the Dura mater?

Strong protection around the brain

What is the arachnoid membrane?

Spider like

What is the pia matter?

Soft light Kleenex – keeps brain wet and it’s incredibly thin.

Is it normal for the brain to throb?

Yes, branch to be throbbing, if not throbbing, there is a problem.

What do ventricles in the brain do?

Make cerebrospinal fluid – surrounds and cushions to brain.

How much water does the brain produce a day?

A pint.

What is the CSS flow?

CSF is produced inside the brain circulates, then exits the brain.

What is hydrocephalus?

Ventricles are huge–CSF circulation failure– it is producing, but cannot get out

How many layers does the cerebral cortex have?

Six

Where are axons?

They go from brain spinal cord.

What is the soma?

Cell body

What happened to the nucleus?

DNA and chromosomes, mRNA transcribed from DNA, gene expression.

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

Regulates cytoplasm – Amazon

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

Arrays of ribosomes, site of protein synthesis

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Packages products for shipment and cell(folds)

What is the neuron membrane?

Lipid bilayer– surrounds cell in separate cytoplasm from extra cellular fluid – charge Separator

What are intrinsic proteins?

Receptors, ion channels; gives neurons the necessary properties for signaling.

What is a part of the cytoskeleton?

Microtubules, neural filaments and microfilament.

What are microtubules?

Spirals of tublin, rail tracks inside neuron

What are neural filaments?

Twisted cables, static support structures.

What happens in the axoplasmic transport?

Material is moved from soma terminals along microtubules by anterograde transport, using kinesin as the enabling protein. Material is moved from terminals does so much my retrograde transport Via dynein as the neighboring proteins

What happens with microtubules break?

Microtubules are extremely fragile and when they break cannot go any farther.

What happens during MELAS syndrome?

Lactic acid was high in the blood, so there was mitochondria failure.

What does myelin do?

Speeds of connection

Characteristics of larger neurons.

Have more complex and putting outputs, cover, greater distances, works faster