INTRO TEST BANK

Question 1

Childhood abuse is commonly seen in those who develop dissociative disorders later in life. Childhood abuse would best be described as a ________

A: necessary contributory cause.
B: proximal contributory cause.
C: reinforcing contributory cause.
D: distal contributory cause.

Answer 1

D: distal contributory cause.

Question 2

One of Freud’s major contributions to current perspectives of mental disorders is ________

A: the concept of the Oedipal complex.
B: the concept of the unconscious and how it can affect behavior.
C: the concept of the Electra complex.
D: the understanding of the three structures of personality.

Answer 2

B: the concept of the unconscious and how it can affect behavior.

Question 3

If having a gene for Parkinson’s disease guarantees that Parkinson’s disease will develop, the presence of the gene can be described as a ________

A: risk factor.
B: necessary cause.
C: sufficient cause.
D: contributory cause.

Answer 3

C: sufficient cause.

Question 4

Which of the following psychodynamic elements of the personality can be described as impulsive and selfish?

A: Ego
B: Id
C: Superego
D: Ideal self

Answer 4

B: Id

Question 5

Ian was predisposed to being very aggressive with his peers in school, who responded by rejecting him. Later in life, Ian began to associate with other aggressive youth and to participate in a variety of delinquent behaviors. This is an example of ________

A: phenotypic vulnerability to aggression.
B: a phenotypic diathesis.
C: polygenic expression.
D: the way the genotype may shape the phenotype.

Answer 5

D: the way the genotype may shape the phenotype.

Question 6

here is experimental evidence showing consistently being discriminated against may cause a person to ________

A: be happy.
B: be more conscious.
C: have cardiovascular reactivity.
D: have greater intelligence and wisdom.

Answer 6

C: have cardiovascular reactivity.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a nonshared environmental influence?

A: Family economic status
B: Divorce
C: Death of a parent
D: Sibling rivalry

Answer 7

D: Sibling rivalry

Question 8

Which of the following is a misconception about genetics and behavior?

A: The influence of genetics on behavior disappears as we get older.
B: Just because a disorder runs in families does not mean genetics are the reason.
C: Genetic research strategies provide useful tests of the influence of the environment on behavior.
D: Genetics influence behavior by making the person more or less susceptible to environmental influences.

Answer 8

A: The influence of genetics on behavior disappears as we get older.

Question 9

A psychologist who studied the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would be most likely to study ________

A: parenting style and self-schemas.
B: poverty and racial discrimination.
C: peer rejection and attributional style.
D: assimilation and accommodation.

Answer 9

B: poverty and racial discrimination.

Question 10

Todd and his siblings have parents who are physically abusive to each other. When they fight, they expect Todd to stay quiet and keep the other children under control. They allow the other children to cry and hide, but Todd must stay in the room with them and referee. This is an example of ________

A: a genotype-environment correlation.
B: a shared environmental influence.
C: a nonshared environmental influence.
D: a protective factor.

Answer 10

C: a nonshared environmental influence.

Question 11

Cross-cultural research on stress demonstrates that ________
Selected Answer:

A: depression is a common response to life challenges in all countries studied.
B: stress rarely leads to any evidence of illness in non-Western cultures.
C: responses to stress vary cross-culturally.
D: culture-specific reactions are not seen to respond to alterations in the environment

Answer 11

C: responses to stress vary cross-culturally.

Question 12

Genes ________

A: determine how a person will behave.
B: cause people to develop mental disorders.
C: determine what characteristics a person will have.
D: determine the range of characteristics a person has.

Answer 12

D: determine the range of characteristics a person has.

Question 13

hich of the following strives to describe the location of genes responsible for mental disorders?

A: Association studies
B: Family histories
C: Twin studies
D: Adoption studies

Answer 13

A: Association studies

Question 14

Which of the following is a criticism of traditional psychoanalytic theory?

A: Underemphasis on the sex drive
B: Overly positive view of women
C: Lack of scientific evidence
D: Too much focus on symptoms and not enough on underlying causes

Answer 14

C: Lack of scientific evidence

Question 15

Suppose that the presence of a particular gene is a necessary cause for the occurrence of schizophrenia. Which of the following statements would be true?

A: The gene is also a sufficient cause for the occurrence of schizophrenia.
B: There are other things besides this gene that can cause schizophrenia.
C: Most people with schizophrenia will have that gene.
D: A person with that gene may or may not become schizophrenic.

Answer 15

D: A person with that gene may or may not become schizophrenic.

Question 16

The process of assigning causes to things that happen is called ________

A: attribution.
B: internal reinforcement.
C: schema therapy.
D: cognition.

Answer 16

A: attribution.

Question 17

New perceptions and experiences tend to be worked into our existing schemas, even if the new information must be distorted to fit them. This process is called ________

A: accommodation.
B: assimilation.
C: appropriation.
D: attribution.

Answer 17

B: assimilation.

Question 18

According to Freud, a person who does not appropriately resolve each psychosexual stage would be ___________ at that stage.

A: defended
B: fixated
C: repressed
D: displaced

Answer 18

B: fixated

Question 19

Which of the following statements about brain dysfunction and psychiatric disorders is correct?

A: Identifiable brain damage is often the cause of psychiatric disorders.
B: Brain damage may decrease the risk of developing a psychiatric condition.
C: Changes in brain function appear to play a role in many psychiatric disorders.
D: Brain development can be altered by experience, always leading to changes in the brain that decrease the risk of developing a psychiatric condition.

Answer 19

C: Changes in brain function appear to play a role in many psychiatric disorders.

Question 20

Andrea and her parents are shy and quiet. Her parents never take Andrea to any activities where there are many people. They buy her books and crafts that she can do by herself. This shows ________

A: an evocative effect of genotype on environment.
B: a passive effect of genotype on environment.
C: an active effect of genotype on environment.
D: a lack of genotype-environment correlation.

Answer 20

A: an evocative effect of genotype on environment.

Question 21

While having a gene for Parkinson’s disease guarantees that Parkinson’s disease will develop, this is not the only factor that can lead to Parkinson’s disease. In other words, the presence of the gene is a ________, but not a ________.

A: risk factor; sufficient cause
B: sufficient cause; necessary cause
C: necessary cause; risk factor
D: contributory cause; sufficient cause

Answer 21

B: sufficient cause; necessary cause

Question 22

Neurotransmitters released into the synapse may be reuptaken into the axon endings from which they originated. One name for this process is ________

A: retracing.
B: deactivation.
C: recapture.
D: inhibitory transmission.

Answer 22

B: deactivation.

Question 23

In order to develop chicken pox, one must be exposed to the virus that causes chicken pox. Note, however, that not everyone who is exposed to the virus is affected. In other words, the virus is a ________

A: risk factor.
B: necessary cause.
C: sufficient cause.
D: contributory cause.

Answer 23

B: necessary cause.

Question 24

Attractive babies and unattractive babies tend to be treated differently. In other words, an infant’s physical phenotype may alter how others respond to him or her. What type of genotype-environment correlation is this an example of?

A: Active
B: Evocative
C: Passive
D: Persuasive

Answer 24

B: Evocative

Question 25

Cortisol is a hormone that ________

A: is released by the hypothalamus and travels to the pituitary gland, causing it to respond.
B: the pituitary gland releases to stimulate the adrenal gland.
C: the adrenal gland produces that mobilizes the body to deal with stress.
D: reduces the reuptake of the monamine neurotransmitters.

Answer 25

C: the adrenal gland produces that mobilizes the body to deal with stress.

Question 26

A major factor associated with a child’s rejection by peers is ________

A: overly aggressive behavior.
B: being too intelligent.
C: socioeconomic background.
D: a lack of empathy.

Answer 26

A: overly aggressive behavior.

Question 27

Reuptake of neurotransmitters is the process by which neurotransmitters ________

A: are repeatedly released into the synapse.
B: are reabsorbed by the axon.
C: stimulate the post-synaptic neuron to fire.
D: are connected to hormones.

Answer 27

B: are reabsorbed by the axon.

Question 28

When examining heredity, mental disorders are almost always ________

A: influenced by one particular gene.
B: influenced by multiple genes.
C: influenced by recessive genes.
D: not influenced by genes.

Answer 28

B: influenced by multiple genes.

Question 29

A protective factor is ________

A: an influence that modifies a person’s response to environmental stressors.
B: an influence that modifies a person’s response to genetic problems.
C: a distal causal factor for a mental disorder.
D: a biological makeup that makes people more resistant to stress.

Answer 29

A: an influence that modifies a person’s response to environmental stressors.

Question 30

George and Logan are brothers. They live in a small apartment in the city with some other relatives. Their family is extremely poor. Their father is hardest on George, the eldest, and sometimes physically abuses him. Which environmental factor is likely to be more important in the later adjustment of George and Logan?

A: Their poverty.
B: The overcrowding of their living situation.
C: The physical abuse.
D: The fact that they live with other family members.

Answer 30

C: The physical abuse.

Question 31

In psychoanalytic theory, which psychosexual stage centers on castration anxiety?

A: Genital
B: Oral
C: Anal
D: Phallic

Answer 31

D: Phallic

Question 32

Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic indicator of abnormality?

a. Subjective distress must be present in order for a behavior, emotion, or thought to be deemed abnormal.

b. A behavior, emotion, or thought that is statistically rare and desirable is considered abnormal.

c. Violating the standards of society, particularly when statistically rare, is abnormal.

d. Engaging in highly dangerous activities on a regular basis reflects abnormal behavior.

Answer 32

c. Violating the standards of society, particularly when statistically rare, is abnormal.

Question 33

The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) is produced by __________.

a. the American Psychological Association

b. the American Psychiatric Association

c. the World Health Organizationd

d. the American Medical Association

Answer 33

c. the World Health Organizationd

Question 34

What was the most significant challenge during the revision process that resulted in the DSM-5?

a. Making sure that all changes recommended by each working group were included

b. Ensuring that changes were limited and minimal in scope to maintain the same numberof diagnoses

c. Incorporating new research findings while maintaining continuity with the prevision edition

d. Eliminating the influence of bias from experts in each of the working groups

Answer 34

a. Making sure that all changes recommended by each working group were included

Question 35

Which of the following is a disadvantage to having a classification system for mental disorders?

a. A classification system establishes the types of problems that mental professionals can treat.

b. When labels are used to describe an individual’s behavior, important details about the person are lost.

c. A classification system allows for research to advance.

d. Identifying the disorder that an individual has guides treatment.

Answer 35

b. When labels are used to describe an individual’s behavior, important details about the person are lost

Question 36

Mitchell is experiencing significant challenges as a freshman in college, to the point where he is considering dropping out. He feels a sense of disgrace due to his inability to comprehend the material and is afraid he will be labeled as dumb or ignorant. What term defines Mitchell’s fears?

a. Stereotype

b. Shyness

c. Stigma

d. Sensitivity

Answer 36

c. Stigma

Question 37

As it relates to the stigma of mental illness, what is meant by “stereotyping”?

a. The reluctance of people to discuss their psychological problems because they are afraid others won’t like them

b. The fact that people become sad and upset when they find out they have a mental illness

c. The automatic and incorrect beliefs many have about people with a psychiatric diagnosis

d. The problem of removing a diagnosis of mental illness, even if people make a full recovery

Answer 37

c. The automatic and incorrect beliefs many have about people with a psychiatric diagnosis