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Cardio Exam 1 > Intro to Embryology > Flashcards

Intro to Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

duration of full term development for baby

A
  • 38 weeks
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2
Q

duration of full term development for mom

A
  • 40 weeks from LMP
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3
Q

name for weeks 1-2 of development

A
  • no name
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4
Q

conceptus name for weeks 1-2 of development

A
  • zygote
  • morula
  • blastocyst
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5
Q

major events for weeks 1-2 of development

A
  • fertilization

- implantation

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6
Q

name for weeks 3-8 of development

A
  • embryonic peroid
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7
Q

conceptus name for weeks 3-8 of development

A
  • embryo
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8
Q

major events during weeks 3-8 of development

A
  • organogenesis
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9
Q

name for weeks 9-38 of development

A
  • fetal period
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10
Q

conceptus name for weeks 9-38 of development

A
  • fetus
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11
Q

major events during weeks 9-38 of development

A
  • growth

- maturation

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12
Q

development occurs at what level?

A
  • cellular level
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13
Q

development starts with?

A
  • pluripotential cells
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14
Q

how does development occur?

A
  • in a series of time-locked steps in which a cell differentiates and matures
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15
Q

each step of development

A
  • is induced by a message from a neighboring cell
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16
Q

each step only occurs if

A
  • cell 2 has the receptors to perceive the inductive message
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17
Q

what happens during induction

A
  • cell 2 becomes more differentiated
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18
Q

the group of cells which influence the responding cells are termed

A
  • inducing tissue
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19
Q

teratogen definition

A
  • any agent or factor that causes the body parts to develop abnormally
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20
Q

many teratogens will arrive via

A
  • the mother’s blood
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21
Q

categories of teratogens

A
  • medications
  • substances of abuse
  • chemicals
  • microbes
  • radiation
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22
Q

the study of abnormal development

A
  • teratology
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23
Q

an abnormality present at birth

A
  • birth defect
  • congenital abnormality
  • congenital anomaly
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24
Q

the developmental structural abnormality arising in the embryonic period (weeks 3-8)

A
  • malformation
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25
Q

developmental structural abnormality secondary to extrinsic disruption after embryonic period (weeks 3-8)

A
  • deformation
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26
Q

multiple abnormalities all developing in a sequence

A
  • sequence
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27
Q

multiple abnormalities developing in no known sequence

A
  • syndrome
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28
Q

normal development in pre-fertilization

A
  • meiosis produces egg and sperm
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29
Q

abnormal development in pre-fertilization

A
  • genetic abnormalities
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30
Q

example of an abnormal development in pre-fertilization

A
  • downs syndrome
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31
Q

normal development in weeks 1,2

A
  • mitosis
  • move to uterus
  • begin implantation in uterine wall
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32
Q

abnormal development in weeks 1,2

A
  • not susceptible to teratogens
  • secondary to inherited genetic abnormalities
  • 40-50% spontaneously abort
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33
Q

normal development in weeks 3-8

A
  • form organs
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34
Q

abnormal development in weeks 3-8

A
  • susceptible to all types of birth defect etiologies

- most vulnerable time for embryo

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35
Q

major abnormal development during weeks 3-8 occurs because

A
  • structure is only made of a few cells

- abnormal cells build abnormal organ

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36
Q

normal development in fetal period

A
  • growth and maturation
37
Q

abnormal development in fetal period

A
  • susceptible to all types of birth defect etiologies
38
Q

why do minor anomalies develop in the fetal period

A
  • development of a structure is disrupted when it is nearly fully formed
39
Q

another name for cranial

A
  • rostral
40
Q

the head view is called

A
  • cranial

- rostral

41
Q

the tail view is called

A
  • caudal
42
Q

directions of development

A
  • proximal -> distal

- cranial -> caudal

43
Q

what forms the placenta

A
  • the embryo
44
Q

what does maternal blood release into the placenta to go into fetal blood

A
  • nutrients

- O2

45
Q

what does the fetus release into the placenta to go into maternal blood

A
  • wastes
46
Q

is there mixing of fetal and maternal blood

A
  • no
47
Q

what does the fetus breathe

A
  • amniotic fluid
48
Q

does the fetus urinate into the amniotic fluid?

A
  • yes
49
Q

does the fetus defecate in-utero?

A
  • no
50
Q

what does the placenta function as

A
  • fetal lungs
  • kidneys
  • GI tract
51
Q

process of week 1 development

A
  • fertilization
  • cell division
  • zygote -> morula -> blastocyst
  • implantation in uterus
52
Q

what does the inner cell mass eventually become?

A
  • fetus
53
Q

what does the trophoblast eventually become?

A
  • placenta

- fetal membranes

54
Q

inner cell mass in week two development

A
  • two layers
55
Q

the two layers of the inner cell mass in week two development

A
  • epiblast

- hypoblast

56
Q

what happens to the epiblast

A
  • becomes the embryo
57
Q

what happens to the hypoblast

A
  • disappears
58
Q

what appears in week 2 of development

A
  • amniotic cavity

- primitive streak

59
Q

where does the primitive streak form

A
  • epiblast

- dorsal, caudal midline

60
Q

what occurs in week 3 of development

A
  • gastrulation
  • trilaminar embryo
  • somite formation
  • neurulation
61
Q

what occurs in gastrulation

A
  • formation of the 3 germ layers from the primitive streak
62
Q

what 3 germ layers are formed from the primitive streak?

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
63
Q

what is the trilaminar embryo formed from?

A
  • the 3 germ layers
64
Q

somite formation

A
  • formation of the horizontal body segments
65
Q

neurulation

A
  • formation of the nervous system
66
Q

what happens to the epiblast at week 3

A
  • mitosis of epiblast at primitive streak
  • forms new cells
  • migrate under epiblast layer
  • form mesoderm and endoderm
  • epiblast renamed ectoderm
67
Q

ectoderm gives rise to

A
  • outer layer of skin (epidermis) and teeth (enamel)

- nervous system

68
Q

mesoderm gives rise to

A
  • muscle
  • bone
  • connective tissues
  • blood and blood vessels
  • deeper layer of skin (dermis)
69
Q

endoderm gives rise to

A
  • epithelial lining of GI and respiratory tracts
70
Q

mesenchyme are aggregation of

A
  • undifferentiated cells
71
Q

mesenchyme mostly comes from

A
  • mesoderm
72
Q

somite definition

A
  • horizontal body segments composed of skin, muscle, bone, connective tissue
73
Q

somites form from

how many pairs?

A
  • paraxial mesoderm
  • paired thickenings
  • 35-37 pairs
74
Q

each somite divides into

A
  • dermatome
  • myotome
  • sclerotome
75
Q

dermatome becomes

A
  • skin dermis
76
Q

myotome becomes

A
  • muscle
77
Q

sclerotome becomes

A
  • bone
78
Q

week 4 development

A
  • organogenesis
  • folding
  • germ layer differentiation
  • pharyngeal arches
  • heart forms and begins beating
  • 4 limbs begin developing
79
Q

what type of folding occurs in week 4

A
  • longitudinal

- transverse

80
Q

how does the embryo begin week 4?

A
  • flat
81
Q

what does folding create

A
  • 3D trunk
82
Q

what does longitudinal folding do?

A
  • moves the heart from the cranial into the newly formed thorax
83
Q

how do cranial and caudal ends fold in longitudinal folding?

A
  • fold ventrally
84
Q

process of longitudinal folding?

A
  • flat -> C shaped
85
Q

how does transverse folding occur?

A
  • lateral sides fold ventrally until they meet and fuse in ventral/anterior midline
86
Q

what does transverse folding create?

A
  • the GI tract
  • body cavities (coelom)
  • germ layer differentiation
87
Q

organ structures at the beginning of week 5

A
  • mostly present but rudimentary
88
Q

organ structures by the end of week 8

A
  • fairly mature

Cardio Exam 1 (25 decks)

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