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PT 534 Neuroanatomy > Intro To N.S. > Flashcards

Flashcards in Intro To N.S. Deck (43)
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1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the nervous system?

A

1) Perception and Processing
2) Coordination of movement
3) Initiation and maintenance of life-sustaining functions
4) Cognition
5) Emotional state
6) Arousal state

2
Q

What are the 5 special senses and their cranial nerves?

A

CN 1 - Olfactory
CN 2 - Vision
CN 8 - Hearing/balance
CN 7,9,10 - Taste

3
Q

Somatosensory? “PT PT”

A

Proprioception
Touch
Pain
Temperature

4
Q

Visceral? “3 M’s”?

A

Monitor
Modulate
Motivate

5
Q

Coordination of movement? “PIC”

A

Plan movement
Initiate
Coordinate

6
Q

Cognition?

A

Learning

Memory

7
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

8
Q

What is the core function of the CNS?

A

Analyze and integrate info it receives from the peripheral nerves and formulate effective response.

9
Q

What are the 4 primary structures of the CNS? And it’s divisions?

A

Forebrain (cerebrum) (2) - cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
Brainstem (3) - midbrain, pons, medulla
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord

10
Q

What types of nerves does the PNS consist of?

A

Motor

Sensory

11
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

Sensory nerves transmit sensory info from the periphery and viscera to the CNS.
Motor nerves carry commands from the CNS to muscles and viscera.

12
Q

What are the two subdivisions of PNS? Where does it relay it’s info?

A

Somatic Motor System - relays motor commends to skeletal muscles
Autonomic Motor System - relays motor commands to viscera and smooth muscle vis sympathetic/parasympathetic/enteric

13
Q

What timeline do the 3 primordial tissues present? What are they?

A

17th day after fertilization
Endoderm - precursor to GI, respiratory, urinary
Mesoderm - precursor to muscle, skeletal, CT, CV, urogenital, hematopoietic, microglia
Ectoderm - precursor to skin, neurons, macroglia and ependymal (ventricles)

14
Q

Where is the neural tube formed? What is the timeline for this?

A

Ectoderm of gastrula transformed into neuroectoderm that forms neural plate

3 weeks of life.

15
Q

What are the 3 vesicle stage at 3 weeks?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesocephalon
Rhombencephalon

16
Q

At the 5-6th weeks the prosencephalon divides into what 2 structures?

A

Telencephalon (cerebral)

Diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus)

17
Q

At 5-6th weeks what does the rhombencephalon divide into?

A

Metancephalon (pons & cerebellum)

Mylencephalon (medulla)

18
Q

Where do the visual centers arise from? (At 5-6th weeks)

A

In the thalamus (Diencephalon)

19
Q

T/F The cerebrum and brainstem share the same longitudinal axis?

A

FALSE
Cerebrum’s rostrocaudal axis is aligned w/ A-P
Brainstem’s rostrocaudal axis is aligned w/ S-I

20
Q

What does the pontine flexure mark?

A

The beginning of cerebellar differentiation. Impacting the 2 primary axes.

21
Q

What is the associated function with the following structure? Soma & Dendrite.

A

Input zone

22
Q

What is the associated function with the following structure? Axon hillock.

A

Trigger (integration) zone

23
Q

What is the associated function with the following structure? Axon.

A

Conducting zone

24
Q

What is the associated function with the following structure? Presynaptic terminal.

A

Transmitting zone

25
Q

What is the associated function with the following structure? Myelin (Schwann/Oligodendrocyte).

A

Insulator

26
Q

What is the associated function with the following structure? Nodes of Ranvier.

A

Sites along axons renew AP

27
Q

What is the associated function with the following structure? Presynaptic membrane.

A

Specialized for transmitter release

28
Q

What is the associated function with the following structure? Postsynaptic membrane.

A

Specialized for transmitter uptake

29
Q

What is the soma divided into? And what do they contain?

A

Nucleus - DNA

Cytoplasm - Cellular organelles, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria

30
Q

How many neurons and synapses do humans have?

A

86 billion neurons

100 trillion synapses

31
Q

How are neurons classified? (3)

A

Function
Morphology
Neurotransmitter

32
Q

What are the 3 morphology classifications?

A

Pseudo-unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

33
Q

How are synapses identified?

A

By their presynaptic and postsynaptic structures

34
Q

What are the 4 functional classifications of synapses?

A

Sensory
Motor
Autonomic
Interneuron

35
Q

What are the two types of morphology of synapses?

A

Chemical

Electrical

36
Q

What is the glial cells to neurons ratio?

A

10:1

37
Q

What are the two classes of glia?

A

Macroglia

Microglia

38
Q

What are the types of macroglia ad where are they found?

A

Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes - CNS, contacts many cells
Schwann cells - PNS, myelinate 1 neuron at 1 location
Ependymal cells - ventricles

39
Q

When do microglia arise?

A

Usually few, but increases when infections invade the N.S.

40
Q

How are neurotransmitters classified by their pharmacology?

A

By the neurotransmitters they produce and release onto other neurons and organs. They enable a neuron to communicate w/ other neurons and control the functions of various organs.

41
Q

What s the most common neurotransmitter? What does it produce/release? Where is it found?

A

Glutamate
Glutamatergic neuron
CNS

42
Q

Besides glutamate what is another neurotransmitter that is distributed across the CNS? What does it produce/release?

A

GABA

GABAergic

43
Q

What neurotransmitter decreases with patient’s presenting w/ Parkinson’s or psychiatric disorders?

A

Dopamine