What are the 6 functions of the nervous system?
1) Perception and Processing
2) Coordination of movement
3) Initiation and maintenance of life-sustaining functions
4) Cognition
5) Emotional state
6) Arousal state
What are the 5 special senses and their cranial nerves?
CN 1 - Olfactory
CN 2 - Vision
CN 8 - Hearing/balance
CN 7,9,10 - Taste
Somatosensory? “PT PT”
Proprioception
Touch
Pain
Temperature
Visceral? “3 M’s”?
Monitor
Modulate
Motivate
Coordination of movement? “PIC”
Plan movement
Initiate
Coordinate
Cognition?
Learning
Memory
What is the CNS comprised of?
Brain
Spinal Cord
What is the core function of the CNS?
Analyze and integrate info it receives from the peripheral nerves and formulate effective response.
What are the 4 primary structures of the CNS? And it’s divisions?
Forebrain (cerebrum) (2) - cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
Brainstem (3) - midbrain, pons, medulla
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
What types of nerves does the PNS consist of?
Motor
Sensory
What is the function of the PNS?
Sensory nerves transmit sensory info from the periphery and viscera to the CNS.
Motor nerves carry commands from the CNS to muscles and viscera.
What are the two subdivisions of PNS? Where does it relay it’s info?
Somatic Motor System - relays motor commends to skeletal muscles
Autonomic Motor System - relays motor commands to viscera and smooth muscle vis sympathetic/parasympathetic/enteric
What timeline do the 3 primordial tissues present? What are they?
17th day after fertilization
Endoderm - precursor to GI, respiratory, urinary
Mesoderm - precursor to muscle, skeletal, CT, CV, urogenital, hematopoietic, microglia
Ectoderm - precursor to skin, neurons, macroglia and ependymal (ventricles)
Where is the neural tube formed? What is the timeline for this?
Ectoderm of gastrula transformed into neuroectoderm that forms neural plate
3 weeks of life.
What are the 3 vesicle stage at 3 weeks?
Prosencephalon
Mesocephalon
Rhombencephalon
At the 5-6th weeks the prosencephalon divides into what 2 structures?
Telencephalon (cerebral)
Diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus)
At 5-6th weeks what does the rhombencephalon divide into?
Metancephalon (pons & cerebellum)
Mylencephalon (medulla)
Where do the visual centers arise from? (At 5-6th weeks)
In the thalamus (Diencephalon)
T/F The cerebrum and brainstem share the same longitudinal axis?
FALSE
Cerebrum’s rostrocaudal axis is aligned w/ A-P
Brainstem’s rostrocaudal axis is aligned w/ S-I
What does the pontine flexure mark?
The beginning of cerebellar differentiation. Impacting the 2 primary axes.
What is the associated function with the following structure? Soma & Dendrite.
Input zone
What is the associated function with the following structure? Axon hillock.
Trigger (integration) zone
What is the associated function with the following structure? Axon.
Conducting zone
What is the associated function with the following structure? Presynaptic terminal.
Transmitting zone
What is the associated function with the following structure? Myelin (Schwann/Oligodendrocyte).
Insulator
What is the associated function with the following structure? Nodes of Ranvier.
Sites along axons renew AP
What is the associated function with the following structure? Presynaptic membrane.
Specialized for transmitter release
What is the associated function with the following structure? Postsynaptic membrane.
Specialized for transmitter uptake
What is the soma divided into? And what do they contain?
Nucleus - DNA
Cytoplasm - Cellular organelles, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria
How many neurons and synapses do humans have?
86 billion neurons
100 trillion synapses
How are neurons classified? (3)
Function
Morphology
Neurotransmitter
What are the 3 morphology classifications?
Pseudo-unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
How are synapses identified?
By their presynaptic and postsynaptic structures
What are the 4 functional classifications of synapses?
Sensory
Motor
Autonomic
Interneuron
What are the two types of morphology of synapses?
Chemical
Electrical
What is the glial cells to neurons ratio?
10:1
What are the two classes of glia?
Macroglia
Microglia
What are the types of macroglia ad where are they found?
Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes - CNS, contacts many cells
Schwann cells - PNS, myelinate 1 neuron at 1 location
Ependymal cells - ventricles
When do microglia arise?
Usually few, but increases when infections invade the N.S.
How are neurotransmitters classified by their pharmacology?
By the neurotransmitters they produce and release onto other neurons and organs. They enable a neuron to communicate w/ other neurons and control the functions of various organs.
What s the most common neurotransmitter? What does it produce/release? Where is it found?
Glutamate
Glutamatergic neuron
CNS
Besides glutamate what is another neurotransmitter that is distributed across the CNS? What does it produce/release?
GABA
GABAergic
What neurotransmitter decreases with patient’s presenting w/ Parkinson’s or psychiatric disorders?
Dopamine