Intro to pathology TEST 2

Question 1

What is the leading cause of death?

Answer 1

-Heart disease

Question 2

What is the 2nd and 3rd leading causes of death?

Answer 2

• Malignancy (2)

- Stroke (3)

Question 3

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 3

-Enlarged cells

Question 4

What is atrophy?

Answer 4

-Smaller or fewer cells

Question 5

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 5

-More cells that cause enlargement

Question 6

What is metaplasia?

Answer 6

-One type of tissue is replaced by another type of tissue

Question 7

What is cachexia?

Answer 7

-68% of normal body weight that leads to death (Fatty atrophy)

Question 8

What causes atrophy?

Answer 8

• Lack of hormonal signals
• Loss of innervation
• Lack of use
• Loss of blood supply
• Starvation
• Individual cell death

Question 9

What causes hyperplasia?

Answer 9

• Stress

- Hormones

Question 10

What is dysplasia?

Answer 10

-Disorder hyperplasia without maturation

Question 11

What are the main causes of cell injury and death?

Answer 11

• Trauma
• Ischemia
• Toxin/radiation
• Infection
• Inflammation

Question 12

What cell types are most prone to injury?

Answer 12

• High metabolic activity

- Rapidly proliferating

Question 13

What cells have high metabolic activity?

Answer 13

• Cardiac myocytes
• Rental tubular cells
• Hepatocytes

Question 14

What cells are rapidly proliferating?

Answer 14

• Testicular cells
• Intestinal lining cells
• Hematopoietic cells

Question 15

What is reversible cell injury?

Answer 15

-Damage not enough to kill cell

Question 16

What are examples of reversible cell injury?

Answer 16

• Mild acute tubular necrosis
• Toxic liver injury
• Severe exercise

Question 17

What is apoptosis?

Answer 17

-Orderly energy requiring cell death (

Question 18

Is apoptosis associated with inflammation?

Answer 18

-No

Question 19

What are some examples where apoptosis happens?

Answer 19

• Normal embryology
• Normal cell turnover
• Viral infection
• Damaged cells

Question 20

What nuclear changes might you see in cell death?

Answer 20

• Nuclear pyknosis
• Karyolysis
• Karyorrhexis

Question 21

What is karyorrhexis?

Answer 21

-Destructive fragmentation of nucleus of a dying cell causing irregular chromatin distribution

Question 22

What are different types of necrosis?

Answer 22

• Coagulative necrosis
• Liquefactive necrosis
• Fat necrosis
• Caseous necrosis
• Gangrenous necrosis

Question 23

What type of necrosis does TB or other infectious granulomas cause?

Answer 23

-Caseous necrosis

Question 24

What is gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 24

-Death of a whole body part

Question 25

Pathologist can see abnormal storage products, what is a fatty change of liver associated with?

Answer 25

- Alcoholism - Obesity - Starvation - Toxins

Question 26

Pathologists can see abnormal storage products, where do you see glycogen accumulation?

Answer 26

- In liver in diabetes | - In glycogen storage diseases

Question 27

Pathologists can see abnormal storage products, what is associated with lipid storage?

Answer 27

- Lipid storage disease | - Vessels in atherosclerosis

Question 28

Brown storage is an abnormal storage product, what are some examples?

Answer 28

- Lipofuscin - Bilirubin (hemoglobin breakdown product) - Hemosiderin (iron pigment)

Question 29

What does too much bilirubin cause?

Answer 29

- Jaundice | - Icterus

Question 30

What is an extracellular protein storage problem?

Answer 30

-Amyloid

Question 31

Where do you see calcification as an abnormal storage problem?

Answer 31

- Renal damage | - Dystrophic tissue damage