Intro to Studies Flashcards
(14 cards)
What is a sampling technique in psychology?
A method used to select a subset of individuals from a larger population for research purposes.
What is random sampling?
A sampling technique where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the study.
What is stratified sampling?
A sampling technique where the population is divided into subgroups based on certain characteristics, and then individuals are randomly selected from each subgroup.
What is Self-Selected sampling?
A non-probability sampling technique where individuals volunteer for studies. YAVIS bias.
What is purposive sampling?
A sampling technique where researchers deliberately choose participants based on specific criteria relevant to the research study.
What is snowball sampling?
A sampling technique where existing participants recruit new participants, often used in studies where the population is hard to reach.
What is convenience sampling?
A sampling technique where the sample group is selected from a pre-existing group. For example a grade 11 math class.
What is sampling bias?
When the sample obtained is not representative of the population, leading to inaccurate results and conclusions.
What’s a repeated measures design? Some advantages and disadvantages?
When you have only one sample of participants who each receive all the conditions of the experiment.
Adv: controls participant variability, as each individual is only compared to themselves. Fewer participants are also needed
Disadvantage: order effects- boredom, practice, fatigue. Can fix this by counter balancing- some participants do condition A first, some condition B. Demand characteristics also a problem- expectancy and screw you effect. Issues with materials for two conditions possible- eg. one test is a bit easier.
What’s independent samples design? Advantages and limitations?
Member of sample are randomly allocated to condition of the experiment. Eg, one group listens to music while doing test, other group does not.
Adv: order effects controlled. Demand characteristics less likely
Lim: participant variability more of a problem- eg. random chance causes one group to be better or worse at a test
What is matched pair design?
Independent sample but participants are not randomly allocated to conditions. Instead are pre tested with regard to variable.
Eg. a memory test is done before an experiment testing how music affects memory. Participants who do best middle and worst are evenly split into conditions of experiment to limit participant variability bias.
What are demand characteristics?
Expectancy effect- knows what the experimenter wants and tries to do it
Screw you effect- knows what the experimenter wants and does the opposite.
What is counter-balancing?
One group does conditional A first, other does condition B first, then switch. Helps control order effects.
What’s the 6 ethical considerations in the acronym?
Convent
Anonymous
Right to withdrawal
Debrief
Undo stress or harm
Deception
