Rhodamine 123
vital stain (can be used on living cells) to stain mitochondria
Organelles allow for
complexity and compartmentalization
Golgi apparatus is composed of a stack of _______ with a _____ nad a _____
stack of cisternae with a cis (concave) face and a trans (convex) face
lysosome
“digestive system of the cell”; reprocesses and reuses
lysosome cycle
primary lysosome fuses with an endosome or dying organelle and turns into a secondary lysosome, then it turns into a residual body
residual body
can’t be digested away; in old cells(ex neurons); aging pigment (yellow)
peroxisomes
convert H2O2 to water and oxygen
Microtubules
largest cytoskeletal component
microtubule composition
alpha and beta subunits that form dimers, then profilaments (ultimately 13 profilaments)
Microtubule assembly is typically from a
MTOC (microtubule organization center) (ex centrosome)
Centrosome
made of 2 centrioles located near the nucleus
- gamma tubulin
- 9 triplets of tubulin
Microfilaments
made of globular actin formed into filamentous actin
- slow growing end and + fast growing end
Actin can’t bind directly to
actin
alpha actinin
bundles actin filaments for contractile bundles
fimbrin
bundles actin filaments for parallel bundles
filamin
cross link action filaments into gel-like network
myosin-I
movement of vesicles along actin filaments
myosin-II
contraction by sliding actin filaments
spectrin
forms supporting network for plasma membrane of RBC
gelsolin
cleaves and caps actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
several different types depending on tissue
Type I and II cytokeratins
found in epithelial cells and epithelial derivatives (I-acidic, II-basic)
Desmin
muscle cells
glial fibrillary acidic protein
glial cells and astrocytes
vimentin
mesenchyme
perpherin
peripheral and CNS neurons, alpha internexin
Type IV
neurofilaments-axons and dendrites of nerves
Type V
nuclear lamins A,B,C-inner nuclear membrane
Type VI (nestin)
neuronal stem cells of CNS
Actin can form _______, which are used for movement
pseudopodia
3 major types of molecular motors
kinesins, dyneins, myosins
kinesins and dyneins move along _______, while myosin moves along _______.
microtubules; actin filaments
Kinesins are involved in _______ transport, while dyneins are involved in ______ transport
anterograde; retrograde
Dynein plays a major role in
ciliary and flagellar movement
consequences of ciliary disfunction
respiratory and reproduction problems
Myosin interaction with actin filaments is the primary process in
muscle contraction (sarcomere)