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[Y1] Anatomy and Physiology > Introduction to anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the levels of organisation?

A

atoms
molecules
macromolecules
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms

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2
Q

what are the 4 main types of tissues?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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3
Q

what is the function of epitheilial tissue?

A

lining structures, covers the body and lines cavities, hollow organs and tubes

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4
Q

what is the function of connective tissue?

A

structural support, protection, transportation and insulation

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5
Q

what is the function of the muscle tissue?

A

contractile tissue; providing movement of the body and structures within the body

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of cells in the nervous tissue?

A

both excitable (neurons) and non-excitable cells (that support the neurons)

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7
Q

what is the most abundant tissue?

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

what are the 11 organ systems?

A

circulatory
nervous
digestive
lymphatic
respiratory
urinary
reproductive
endocrine
skeletal
muscular
integumentary (skin, hair and nails)

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9
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

provides O2 needed for oxidation (energy provision)

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10
Q

what is the function of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

breaks down nutrients, pass to liver via portal vein

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11
Q

what is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

pumps blood around the body (delivers O2/nutrients; removes CO2/waste)

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12
Q

what is the function of the renal system?

A

controls the content of the extracellular fluid

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13
Q

what are the functions of the endocrine and nervous systems?

A

co-ordinates organ system activity by hormones or electrical signals

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14
Q

what is the function of the musculoskeletal system?

A

locomotion, maintenance of posture, breathing, protection

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15
Q

what are the 8 body regions?

A
  • Head/ cranial/ cephalic
    • Facial
    • Cervical
    • Thorax/ thoracic
    • Abdomen
    • Pelvis
    • Lumbar
    • Limbs (UEx/ LEx)
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16
Q

are the left/right your left/right or the patients?

A

the pateints

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17
Q

what does sub- mean?

A

under, beneath, smaller

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18
Q

what does hypo- mean?

A

under, beneath

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19
Q

what does infra- mean?

A

under, within, below

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20
Q

what does super- or supra- mean?

A

above, on top of

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21
Q

what does epi- mean?

A

above, upon, on top of

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22
Q

what does fossa- mean?

A

depression, hollow

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23
Q

what does inter- mean?

A

between

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24
Q

what does ad- mean?

A

towards

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25
Q

what does ab- mean?

A

away from

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26
Q

what does contra- mean?

A

opposite

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27
Q

what does ipsi- mean?

A

same

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28
Q

what does bi- mean?

A

two

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29
Q

what does uni- mean?

A

one

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30
Q

what are the 4 main organ cavities?

A

cranial
thoratic
abdominal
pelvic

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31
Q

why are most organs located in cavities?

A

to protect them

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32
Q

what forms the cranial cavity?

A

bones of the skull

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33
Q

what does the cranial cavity contain?

A

the brain

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34
Q

what forms the thoracic cavity? (6)

A

the ribs
intercostal muscles
sternum
root of neck
diaphragm
tsp

35
Q

what does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

-trachea, 2 bronchi, 2 lungs
-heart, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, numerous other blood vessels
-oesophagus
-lymph nodes and vessels
-some important nerves
-mediastinum = space between the lungs (contains heart, oespohagus, blood vessels)

36
Q

what is the largest cavity in the body?

A

abdominal cavity

37
Q

what forms the abdominal cavity?

A

the diaphragm
ant/lat/posterior abdominal wall
lsp
lower ribs
(continuous with pelvic cavity)

38
Q

what does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine
liver, spleen, gall bladder, bile duct, pancreas
2 kidneys, upper part of the uterus
2 adrenal glands
numerous blood vessels, lymph vessels/nodes, nerves

39
Q

what forms the pelvic cavity?

A

pelvis
sacrum/coccyx
pelvic floor
(continuous with abdominal cavity

40
Q

what does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
some loops of the small intestine
urinary bladder, lower part of uterus, urethra
reproductive system

41
Q

how many bones does an adult have after fusion?

A

214

42
Q

how many bones does an infant have before fusion?

A

350

43
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

44
Q

what is the axial skeleton made up of?

A

head
back
neck
chest

45
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

134

46
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

A

shoulder
arms and hands
pelvis
leg and feet

47
Q

what are the upper extremeties attached to?

A

the sternoclavicular (S/C) joint

48
Q

why is the clavicle prone to breaking?

A

mostly not ossified in bipeds

49
Q

what skeletal system and how many bones are in the cranium?

A

axial skeleton
8 bones

50
Q

what skeletal system and how many bones are in the face?

A

axial
14 bones
(including 1x mandible)

51
Q

what skeletal system and how many bones are in the vertebrae?

A

axial skeleton
33 vertebrae
(7C, 12T, 5L, 5 fused S, 4 fused Co.)

52
Q

what skeletal system is the sternum in?

A

axial

53
Q

what skeletal system and how many bones are in the ribs?

A

axial skeleton
12 ribs

54
Q

what bones are in the ear?

A

hyoid, middle ear (stapes, malleus, incus)

55
Q

what is the smallest bone in the body?

A

stapes

56
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

A

upper and lower extremities

57
Q

where are radius and ulna?
What skeletal system are they?

A

lower arm
appendicular skeleton

58
Q

what is the scapula humerus?
where in th body is it?

A

shallow ball and socket
shoulder

59
Q

what are the wrist bones called?

A

carpals

60
Q

where are the metacarpals?

A

hand

61
Q

where are the phalanges?

A

fingers

62
Q

what are the sesamoid bones?

A

tiny round bones that are embedded within a tendon to reinforce and reduce stress on the tendon

63
Q

how many sesamoid bones are in the hand?

A

2-5

64
Q

where are the sesamoid bones?

A

-2 at the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint
-1 at the interphalangeal joint in the thumb
-1 at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger on the radial side
-1 at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the little finger on the ulnar side

65
Q

where is the pelvis?

A

hips

66
Q

where is the femur?

A

thigh

67
Q

what is the largest bone in the body?

A

femur

68
Q

where is the tibula?

A

shin

69
Q

where is the fibula?

A

back of lower leg

70
Q

where is the patella?

A

knee cap

71
Q

what are the ankle bones called?

A

tarsal bones

72
Q

where are the metatarsals?

A

foot

73
Q

where are the phalanges and ~4 sesamoid bones?

A

the toes

74
Q

where are the deltoid muscles?

A

shoulder

75
Q

where are the pectorals?

A

chest

76
Q

where are the biceps?

A

front of upper arm

77
Q

where are the abdominal muscles?

A

stomach (abs)

78
Q

where are the trapezius muscles?

A

large upper back muscle

79
Q

where are the triceps?

A

back (dorsal) of upper arm

80
Q

what and where is the latissimus dorsi muscle?

A

large flat muscle on the back that stretches to the sides

81
Q

where are the gluteal muscles?

A

butt

82
Q

where are the hamstrings?

A

back of upper leg

83
Q

where are the gastrocnmius muscles?

A

back of lower leg

84
Q
A

[Y1] Anatomy and Physiology (23 decks)

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