Introduction to Epidemiology Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is an event that impacts population well-being called?
An event is also called an outcome.
What does morbidity refer to?
Morbidity refers to illness resulting from a disease.
What does mortality refer to?
Mortality refers to death resulting from a disease.
What is a case definition?
A case definition details the criteria needed to determine whether someone has the outcome of interest.
What should findings from epidemiologic studies be used for?
Findings should be shared with stakeholders and used to improve population health.
What is an endemic?
Endemic is when the frequency of the outcome occurs at the level expected in a specified population.
What is an epidemic?
Epidemic is when the frequency of the outcome exceeds the level expected in a specified population.
What is a pandemic?
Pandemic is an epidemic that occurs across geographically distant populations.
What is a syndemic?
Syndemic is the occurrence of two simultaneous epidemics that work together to exacerbate health outcomes.
What is the purpose of public health prevention?
Public health prevention keeps negative outcomes from occurring and helps avoid costs of illness.
What is primary prevention aimed at?
Primary prevention is aimed at keeping negative health outcomes from occurring at all.
What is passive primary prevention?
Passive primary prevention requires little or no participation by the population.
Give an example of active primary prevention.
Using fluoridated toothpaste.
What does secondary prevention aim to decrease?
Secondary prevention aims to decrease morbidity or mortality among those who are asymptomatic.
What is tertiary prevention focused on?
Tertiary prevention aims to reduce long-term complications and death from health-related outcomes.
What characterizes the epidemiologic transition?
A shift from high mortality among infants and children due to communicable diseases to higher mortality among older adults due to noncommunicable diseases.
What are communicable diseases?
Communicable diseases are diseases that can be transmitted from one individual to another.
Provide an example of a noncommunicable disease.
Breast cancer.
What has led to reductions in child mortality from communicable diseases?
Advancements in water, sanitation, and hygiene.
What was a major achievement related to vaccination?
Vaccination led to the global eradication of smallpox in 1977.
What is malaria?
Malaria is a parasite transmitted by mosquitos that can lead to serious disease.
What does the Nuremberg Code address?
The Nuremberg Code addresses ethical foundations of human subjects research.
What are vulnerable populations in research?
Vulnerable populations include fetuses, children, pregnant persons, incarcerated individuals, and persons with impaired decision-making capacity.
What are social determinants of health (SDOH)?
Conditions in the places where people live, learn, work, and play that affect health risks and outcomes.