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Flashcards in Introduction to Hematology Deck (26)
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1
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

the process by which all blood cells differentiate (along different lines of development) from hematopoietic stem cells into all the different types of blood cells

2
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

premature breakdown and destruction of RBCs

3
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

process by which RBCs are produced

usually stimulated by low O2

4
Q

What is Anemia?

A

a decrease in circulating RBCs (red blood cell mass) due to

  • increased destruction
  • decreased production
  • loss (bleeding)

often related to Fe deficiency

5
Q

What is hemostasis? What 3 factors are involved?

A

Process that causes bleeding to stop through the interaction of
1. platelets
2. enothelium
3. coagulation proteins
carefully regulated (only with injuries// not in circulating blood)

6
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

pathogenic clotting of blood
no longer balanced by inhibitory factors and fibrinolytic system
(DVT)
sx can be sweling or backflow

7
Q

What is the basic shape/composition of an erythrocyte?

A
biconcave disc
- high surface are to volume ratio
- deformable
no nucleus or mitochondria (lost before leave marrow) 
120 day lifespan
dependent on anaerobic metabolism
8
Q

What are the 5 types of white blood cells?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
9
Q

Where do the malignant cells originate in leukemia?

A

in the bone marrow

10
Q

Where do the malignant cells in lymphoma originate?

A

extramedullary (outside bone marrow)
ususally involve:
- lymph nodes
- other lymph organs

11
Q

What does an acute classification mean in leukemia?

A

malignant cells are immature in terms of differentiation

- rapid clinical progression without intervention

12
Q

What does a chronic classification mean in leukemia?

A

malignant cells are more mature in terms of differentiation

- disease follows indolent (lazy/ slow) course

13
Q

What is lymphoid leukemia compared to myeloid leukemia?

A

Lymphoid- arrises from lymphocytic lineage
myeloid - arises from any other cell type in marrow

usually malignant cell shares surface markers or cell products with normal counterpart leading to a specific classification

14
Q

What are platelets?

A

cellular component of blood that is responsible for homeostasis (clotting)

15
Q

Where do platelets come from?

A

Megakaryocyte

[megakaryblast -> promegakaryocyte -> megakaryocyte -> metamegakaryocyt -> thrombocyte (platelet)]

16
Q

How do platelets function?

A

Interact with endothelim and blood coagulation factors at the site of an injury to form clot and repair damage

Inhibitory factors and fibrinolytic system balances this action by breaking down formed clots

17
Q

What components of blood are in the buffy coat?

A

WBCs

platelets

18
Q

What components of blood are in the plasma?

A
proteins
lipids
salts 
carbohydrates 
enzymes
19
Q

What component of blood is in the hematocrit?

A

RBCs

20
Q

In terms of survival, how does the lace of a nucleus affect RBCs?

A

They cannot easily adapt to changes in environment

- die if changes are too extreme

21
Q

What substrates are important for erythropoiesis?

A

B12
Folate
Fe
erythropoietin

22
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

Kidney

23
Q

What causes spherocytes?

A

Spleen pinches off abnormal portions of RBC membrane, gradually reducing surface area to volume ratio

24
Q

What type of anemia is caused by decreased G6PD? What is the resulting cell morphology?

A

acute hemolytic anemia with stress
- reduced capacity to prevent cellular damage by oxygen radicals
(no mitochondria means cells rely on anaerobic metabolism for energy)

Heinz bodies are removed from cell by spleen =>
Bite cells

25
Q

What cells are the “foot soldiers of the blood”?

A

neutrophils
aka - PMNs (polymorphonuclear cells)

finding, ingesting and digesting bacteria,debris and dead tissues

they sense pathology and kill (endocytose) cause of infection-> release toxins to kill

26
Q

What is a Reed-Sterhberg cell a classic sign of?

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

Reed-Sternberg cell: 
from B lymphocytes 
- large, multinucleated
- eosinophilic inclusion-like nuclei
- Owl's eye appearance