Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Building Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
Q
Main purpose of livestock production
A
Convert the energy in feed into products that can be utilized by human beings
2
Q
Construction of buildings and other livestock structures
A
Provide for some environmental control, reduced waste of purchased feedstuffs and better control of diseases and parasites
2
Q
Indigenous breeds and low-cost feeding =
A
low performance
3
Q
Importance of animal behavior aspects in the design of animal housing facilities
A
Increases with the intensity of production and the degree of confinement
3
Q
uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and
capital, relative to the land area being farmed.
o all animal production adapted to the
existing environment.
A
Extensive Farming
4
Q
higher levels of input and output per cubic unit
of agricultural land area.
A
Intensive Farming
5
Q
capacity of an animal to produce differs between species, breeds and strains as a result of…
A
genetic factors.
5
Q
different types of physical constructions that are put up in a farm for the purpose of livestock and crop production.
A
Farm Structures
6
Q
▪ physical age and weight are the main factors
determining social rank, sex, height and breed
can also be an influence.
▪ usually fight to establish dominant/subordinate
relationships.
A
Social Rank Order
6
Q
behavior variation within a species is caused
mainly by differences in the environment and
between the sexes, breed, strain and individual variance also has an influence.
A
Behavior Pattern
7
Q
Dairy Cattle (Average (°C) Range (°C)
A
38.6 38.0-39.3
7
Q
Beef Cattle (Average (°C) Range (°C)
A
38.3 36.7-39.1
8
Q
Pig Average (°C) Range (°C)
A
39.2 38.7-39.8
9
Q
Sheep Average (°C) Range (°C)
A
Sheep 39.1 38.3-39.9
9
Q
Goat RANGE
A
Goat 38.7-40.7
10
Q
Horse Average (°C) Range (°C)
A
37.9 37.2-38.2
11
Q
Chicken Average (°C) Range (°C)
A
Chicken 41.7 40.6-43.0
11
Q
Human AVERAGE
A
Human 37.0
12
Q
acts as a body
thermostat by stimulating
mechanisms to counteract either
high or low ambient temperatures
A
Hypothalamus
13
Q
is used to counteract
low ambient temperatures
A
reased conversion of feed-to HEAT ENERGY
14
Q
in
the skin counteracts high ambient
temperatures
A
increased respiration (rate and
volume) and blood circulation
15
Q
by means of convection, conduction
and radiation
A
sensible heat
16
Q
through the evaporation of moisture from the lungs and skin
A
latent heat
17
Q
no change in phase
A
Sensible heat
17
Change in phase
Latent heat
18
Heat and moisture produced by the
animals confined in a structure must
be removed by_
ventilation
18
in the tropics, sufficient air flow is usually provided by the use of
open-sided structures
19
Chicks make no noise, Chicks pant, head
and wings droop. Chicks away from brooder
Temperature Too High
20
Chicks evenly spread. Noise level signifies
contentment
Temperature Correct
21
Chicks crowd to brooder. Chicks noisy, distress-calling
Temperature Too Low
22
This distribution requires
investigation. Influenced by THIS
– uneven light distribution – external
noises.
Draught
23
a mean daily
temperature in the range 10 - 20°C
Comfort zone
24
poultry do not have
SWEAT GLANDS
25
varying abilities to sweat and, in descending
order
horse, donkey, cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep
and pig
26
___in the air will cause
irritation of the mucous membranes
excessively low humidity
27
__may promote the
growth of fungus infections and also contribute
to decay in structures.
excessively high humidity
28
If possible, keep the relative humidity in the
range
40 to 80%.
29
heat gain by radiation can be effectively
reduced by the
provision of a shaded area.
▪ grass-covered ground
29
the shade will reflect less radiation than
BARE SOIL
30
wind velocity__ is generally regarded
as a minimum requirement, but it can be
increased to ---
0.2 m/s
increased to 1.0 m/s.
31
___may penetrate the fur of an animal
and decrease its insulation value.
HEAVY RAIN
31
will resist water
penetration and with the provision of a shelter
for the animals the problem may be avoided
altogether
Naturally greasy hair coat
31
Bos taurus
4 °C to 24 °C
32
Bos indicus
(15–27 °C).
33
Beef cattle make their best weight gains at
temperatures below
25 °C.
34
They can easily
tolerate temperatures below __ if they have
a good supply of feed.
0 °C
35
require a change in ambient temperature
as they age and grow and show a decreased
feed intake when under heat stress.
PIGS
35
piglets survive and develop best at_____initially, followed by a gradual
reduction to__ over the first three
weeks.
piglets survive and develop best at 30–
32°C initially, followed by a gradual
reduction to 20 °C over the first three
weeks.
35
feeder pigs ____ make
good gains in the temperature range __with __ reported to be optimum.
feeder pigs (weighing 30–65 kg) make
good gains in the temperature range 10–
25°C, with 24 °C reported to be optimum.
36
The optimal ambient temperature for pigs
weighing 75–120 kg
15°C.
37
can tolerate a wide range of temperatures but should be protected from
wind and rain.
SHEEP
37
a long period of high ambient
temperatures inhibits__
REPRODUCTION
38
--- also reduces the lambing
percentage, decreases the incidence of
twinning, and decreases the birth weight
of lambs
heat stress
39
when temperatures are below ___at
breeding time, ewes show improved
reproductive efficiency.
7°C
40
are affected by temperature, humidity
and rain o in hot , goats need shelter from
intense heat during the day.
Goats
41
IN GOATS excessive wetting from rain can cause __
pneumonia and an increase in parasitic
infestation.
41
Chicks should be started at ___; as from one
week, the temperature is reduced gradually to
___by the ___week
Chicks should be started at 35ºC; as from one
week, the temperature is reduced gradually to
24°C by the 5th week
42
broilers and young turkeys reared at ambient
temperatures below ___are heavier than
similar stock reared within the ___range,
but their feed conversion efficiency will be
lower.
broilers and young turkeys reared at ambient
temperatures below 18°C are heavier than
similar stock reared within the 18–35°C range,
but their feed conversion efficiency will be
lower.
43
Laying birds produce the greatest number of
eggs and the largest-sized eggs at ___
aying birds produce the greatest number of
eggs and the largest-sized eggs at 13–24°C.
43
The best feed conversion efficiency is achieved
between_____
he best feed conversion efficiency is achieved
between 21°C and 24 °C.
44
measures should be
incorporated into any building design, so that
a good hygienic standard can be easily
maintained.
sanitary control
44
newborn stock should always receive __, which contains ___
newborn stock should always receive
colostrum (first milk), which contains
antibodies.
45
POLICY ON CLEANING
‘all-in, all-out’ policy
46
good husbandry includes _________
of the animals to detect any change in
behavior that could indicate disease.
regular observation
47
sick animals should be _______ from the
herd immediately to prevent further spread of
infectious disease and to allow them to rest
separated
48
have only a marginal effect on
the animal’s development and production.
acoustic factors
48
varies with latitude
and season and has a direct influence on
animal performance, especially on the
breeding season for sheep and poultry egg
productio
▪ day length or photoperiod
48
_____ can carry micro-organisms, which may
cause an outbreak of disease.
DUST
49
____are produced by
manure that accumulates in buildings or
storage facilities.
▪ toxic and noxious gases
50
For construction of farm buildings ______ is most important.
For construction of farm buildings selection of
site is most important.
51
4 soils that are not suitable
marcy, clay, sandy, rock 2
51
2 soils are best suited for
building construction.
loamy and gravely soils
52
of rain and subsoil water
should be provided to keep healthy
environment and to protect the building from
dampness.
proper drainage
53
____needed for farm operations
like washing, fodder cultivation, processing of
milk and by-products and for drinking.
plenty of water i
53
needed for operating various machines and
light source.
electricity
54
you will need this if the farm building is in an open or exposed
area, the wind breaks in the farm of tall quick
growing trees should be grown near the
building.
. Protection from wind and solar radiation
55
farm site should be away from noise
producing factory/chemical industry, sewage
disposing area.
. Protection from noise and other disturbance
56
here should be vast area to construct all
building and should give way to future
expansion of farm.
b. Availability of land
57
farm should be away from the city but at the
same time it should be nearer to city thereby
the products produced from the farm could be
marketed easily.
. Availability of market facility
58
farm buildings should be provided with good
road and also have the accessibility to reach
the market.
Transport facility
59
other facilities like availability of telephone,
nearby school for children of farm workers,
post office, shopping center and entertainment
facilities should be provided.
. Miscellaneous
59
it will give opportunity to study the need of
smaller group with regard to floor space,
feeding space required for different kinds of
animals.
. Designing for unit
60
building shape and design should meet the
needs of all classes of livestock.
. Structural form
61
* this will increase the utility of buildings
Designing for flexibility
62
is designed to suit the local climatic
conditions.
. Shape of the roof
63
roof necessary for hot
condition.
* gable with roof ventilator
63
__ roof is suitable for building with
smaller width.
monitor roof
64
should follow building standards.
Standard width of buildings
65
may differ according to the roofing material
and agro climatic condition.
Standard height of the building
65
may vary depends upon the number of
animals housed.
* can be determined based on the total stock to be housed within the building.
. Length of building
66
control the bad effect of environmental factors
to provide comfort condition to the animals
. Environmental controlled house
66
Environmental controlled house will have effect on___
will have effect on production, fertility,
fecundity and prolificacy
67
high-quality milk and egg can be produced
only in certain type of houses, which are
specially designed for it.
Quality of products
68
one of the major expenses in a farm.
Labor control
68
should be designed properly to effect disease
control.
Disease control
69
necessary for isolation of sick animal.
external loose box accommodation
69
will reduce the
high humidity.
dampness resistant surface
69
height of the building may differ according to
the roofing material and agro climatic
condition
standard height of the building
70
can be determined based on the total
stock to be housed with the building.
6. Length of the building
71
___, ____, and ___ of various building in a farm is necessary for a
successful enterprise.
Proper planning, designing and arrangement
72
___essential to increase the profit,
decrease the production cost, and to increase
the efficiency of operations in the farm.
Layout
73
roof height to allow proper air
circulation.
adequate
73
meant for the person
working in the farm.
. Farm Houses / Homestead
* residential building
73
______ should give protection for
cattle.
shade structure
73
feed and water troughs can be under the
shade which will allow the cows to eat
and drink in shade at any time of the day.
east-west orientation
73
sun will strike every part of the floor area
under and on either side of the roof at
some time during the day.
north-south orientation
74
a number of trees in the yard will provide___
sufficient shade.
75
should never be placed to the _____ side of
the farm building, should be located at ___side.
should never be placed to the leeward side of
the farm building, should be located at
windward side.
75
farm office should be located in the prominent
place most probably at ______
the center of the farm.
76
farm buildings should be kept well away from __
farm house and worker’s cottages.
76
manager’s house should be located at the ______
Entrance
76
major enterprises which need more attention
should be located
nearer the farm office
76
are meant for housing the livestock
Farm buildings or farmstead
77
meant for storage of feed materials as well as
other farm products.
. Farm store
78
should be located at the entrance of the farm.
so that new animals purchased from outside
may be kept and if they are found to be free
from diseases.
. Quarantine shed
79
the basic structure to be put up in any
construction work.
Foundation
80
it should be located away from the healthy
animal shed.
Isolation shed
80
the broad base of the foundation wall
designed to carry the load without settlement
Footing
81
the height required for farm buildings depends on the soil condition of the site
Foundation wall
81
constructed with materials like brick, stones or
concrete with thickness of _________,
respectively.
9”, 12” and 6”
82
the supporting structures built above the
foundation to enclose the buildings.
walls
82
non-weight bearing walls of brick need not be
thicker than ____
4 ½.
83
one of the essential qualities required for roof
material in tropical condition is to have
high
insulation value.
83
simple roof with single slope adopted for shed
type of buildings.
▪ roof ventilation cannot be provided.
▪ one wall is higher than another one to give
necessary slope for roof.
. Lean to type roof
83
provided for the purpose of protecting animals
from hot sun and rain; it also protects the
internal structures.
roof
83
has two slopes, but one overlaps other at the
ridge of the roof with a ventilation gap of one
feet.
▪ roof ventilation can be provided in between
two slopes.
▪ suitable for tropical buildings and it serves the
purposes of ventilating and lighting the
building
Monitor roof
83
▪ coupled roof with two slopes.
▪ roof ventilation can be provided in this pattern
the form of continuous ridge opening
protected by louvre board.
. Gable roof
84
has 2 slopes but one overlap the other at the
ridge of roof with ventilating gap of 1 feet.
semi monitor roof
84
▪ an arched roof providing greater roof space
used for store houses.
▪ used for storage of feed.
Gothic arch
85
A longer calving interval and high mortality
among the calves will decrease the required
number of calf pens, while concentration of
the calving season in the herd will increase
the pen requirements
Herd profiles
86
The amount of time between the birth of calf and the birth of a subsequent calf, both from the same calf
calving interval
86
meat from mature cattle.
beef
87
feed mass; a quantity of feed
masticated and ready to be swallowed.
bolus
88
a term currently used to indicate a
young bull grown and fattened in a similar
manner to beef steer and heifers.
bullock
88
commonly refer to a sexually mature,
intact, male bovine
bull
89
Philippine water buffalo or swamp
buffalo.
Carabao
89
a young bovine animal, especially a
domestic cow or bull in its first year
calf
89
meat of carabao above two years
of age.
carabeef
90
a prefix connected to the sex, class
and meat of carabao.
cara
91
breeding male of carabao of any age.
carabull
91
young male or female carabao
under one year of age.
caracalf
92
– mature female carabao that has
already dropped a calf.
caracow
92
a female carabao below two
years of age which is usually ready for market.
Caraheifer
92
a general term for any class of
animals belonging to the bovine family.
Cattle
92
an animal with a functional rumen
in the stomach, plus three other
compartments; a cud- chewing animals.
ruminant
93
steers of dairy breeds grown and
finished the same was as beef.
Dairy beef
93
a female bovine, usually after first
pregnancy and parturition
Cow
93
animals that are used for work.
draft animal
93
naturally hornless
polled
94
sexually mature female cattle that
have not yet calved.
heifer
94
a large group of animals, esp. hoofed
mammals, that live, feed, or migrate together
or are kept together as livestock.
herd
94
meat of goat.
chevon
94
a mature female sheep.
ewe
94
the entire foot of the animals that has
a horny covering.
hoof
94
ready-to-breed female goat which
have not yet kidded.
doeling
95
meat of young cattle (calf).
veal
95
mature female goat, deer, or rabbit that
has already given birth.
doe
95
a sexually mature goat, deer, or rabbit.
buck
95
a young goat of either sex
kid
96
the act of giving birth in goats.
kidding
97
a young sheep.
LAMB
98
a mature male sheep.
RAM
99
cattle will produce milk and reproduce more
efficiently if they are protected from______
EXTREME HEAT
temperatures of 25–30°C, and
particularly from direct sunshine
100
Straw, sawdust, shavings or other bedding
material is periodically placed in the resting
area so that a mixture of bedding and manure
builds up in a thick layer
Deep-bedded sheds
100
only in the case of purebred herds, where
considerable individual attention is given to
cows.
Tie-stall sheds
100
* a system where animals are kept loose except
milking and at the time of treatment.
* animals are allowed to move freely and have
free access over the whole area of the
building or pen.
Loose housing with free stalls (cubicles)
101
the gate must be designed so that the bull
cannot lift it off its hinges, and there should be
at least two exits where the herd worker can
escape.
Bull pens
101
transports the milk
through a pipe direct from the cow’s udder to
the milk cooler.
pipeline milking plant
101
____ is the simplest and
least expensive to install, but the milk must be
carried by hand to the cooler.
bucket milking machine
102
kept for breeding purpose are housed
individually in these sheds; alternatively,
wooden partitions can be raised in bigger
shed to partition in to stalls
Rams/bucks shed
102
lambs or kids from weaning up to attaining
maturity are housed in these sheds at the rate
of about___ animals per shed
25
102
these sheds shall be used as maternity rooms
for pregnant ewe or doe and are housed
individually in these sheds.
Lambing / kidding shed
103
any male pig castrated before sexual
maturity.
BARROW
103
any sexually mature, intact (uncastrated)
male pig.
BOAR
104
removal or permanent alteration of
the testicles of a male animal.
CASTRATION
105
general term for pigs by Americans and
usually refers to all pigs weighing more than 50 kg
HOG
105
the act of delivery or giving birth in
swine.
FARROWING
105
– group of pigs born of a sow.
LITTER
105
any sexually mature female pig which has
not yet bred and has not yet given birth.
GILT
106
fresh meat or flesh of swine.
PORK
106
any sexually mature female pig which has
already been bred and given birth.
SAW
106
broad term for a young swine which has not
attained sexual maturity.
PIG
106
used for farrowing and ensuring the safety of
the piglets.
Farrowing pen
106
general term used to designate all
classes/age of pig.
SWINE
107
the pen is provided with a ____________ to
prevent the sow from lying on the piglets and
a heat source to protect the piglets against
chilliness.
farrowing crate
107
FARROWING PEN contains a _____where only the piglets
can access creep feed.
CREEP AREA
107
Essential Features of a Piggery
SWINE FARM
108
This is where breeding boars are kept.
▪ allows room for sows to be served during the
breeding season.
BOAR PEN
108
also known as a ____, is a metal enclosure in which a farmed sow used for
breeding may be kept during pregnancy.
SOW STALL
Gestation crate
108
the tendency of a hen to nest or to
behave as if it were incubating eggs.
BROODINESS
108
used for keeping young female pigs up to the
age of service (usually 12 months).
GILTS PEN
108
young bird while in the downy stage.
CHICK
109
It is where weaned pigs are kept.
▪ It should have a feeding, watering and resting
section.
WEANERS PEN
109
a young chicken, of either sex, intended
for meat production.
BROILER
109
a male chicken grown for meat, castrated
at about 6 weeks of age; distinguished by the
underdeveloped comb and wattle
CAPON
109
cottony feather; first hair covering of the
chick.
DOWN
109
commonly refers to a sexually mature,
intact male chicken with age of one year or older
Cock –
109
erm applied to all poultry species,
specifically to designate mature domestic cocks
and hens.
FOWL
109
a mature female chicken or turkey.
HEN
109
a young male chicken with age of less
than one year
Cockerel
109
group of chickens, turkeys or sheep.
FLOCK
109
young of the duck family in the downy
state of the plumage.
DUCKLING
110
Refers to a collective term for all domestic
birds rendering/providing economic benefits to
man; also refers to the _____.
POULTRY
DRESSED carcass of a fowl.
110
the feathers of a fowl.
PLUMAGE
110
young of the domestic turkey, properly
applied until sex can be distinguished, when they
are called cockerels or pullets
POULT
110
a female fowl less than a year old.
Pullet
110
meat of pigeon; also used for young
pigeon that is grown for meat production.
Squab –
110
used to brood and
rear egg- type chicks from 0 to 8 weeks of
age.
Brooder / chick house –
110
ovariectomized pullet or layer.
POULARD
111
birds are
reared from 0 to 18 weeks of age (entire
brooding and growing period of egg-type
chicken)
Brooders cum grower house
111
111
broilers are reared up to 6
weeks of age.
Broiler house
111
used to grow egg-type birds
from 9 to 18 weeks of age.
Grower house –
111
– both male and female
breeders are maintained at appropriate sex
ratio.
Breeder house
111
In
which, entire environment is manipulated in
such a way that is optimum for the birds
growth.
Environmentally controlled (EC) house
111
birds are kept inside the house all the time
Deep Litter System
111
birds are kept on suitable litter material of
about ___ depth
3-5
112
iron rods or wood reapers are used as floor
Slatted Floor System
112
birds over 18 weeks of age
are reared, usually up to 72 weeks of age
Layer house
112
❖ involves rearing of poultry on raised wire
netting floor in smaller compartment.
❖ either fitted with stands on floor of house or
hanged from the roof.
Cage System
113
Only one bird
in a cage)
Single or individual bird cage
113
From 2 to 10 birds,
usually 3 or 4 birds per cage
Multiple bird cage
