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Marine Studies 2021 > Inverts Terms and Definitions (Exam Prep) > Flashcards

Inverts Terms and Definitions (Exam Prep) Flashcards

To understand how each of these terms connects to each other.

1
Q

Totipotency

Toti = all 
Potent = living
A

Toti = all / Potent = living/able to survive

> The ability of a single cell to !!!divide!!! and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism.

  • Examples of totipotent cells are spores and zygotes.
  • Each cell in a sponge colony has the potential to start an entire new colony. = Totipotency
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2
Q

Exoskeleton

A

A hard outer covering made of chitin.

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3
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Made of calcium carbonate, cartilage, or bone.

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4
Q

Invertebrate

A

Animals without backbones but with exoskeletons.

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5
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline on the body.

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6
Q

Dorsal

A

Refers to the posterior/back.

Eg, humans’ backside. back of the head, butt, calves, etc…

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7
Q

Ventral

A

Refers to the anterior/front.

Eg, humans facing forward or in a mirror.

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8
Q

Ecdysis

A

Moulting.

- Shedding of layers

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9
Q

Chlipeds

A

Claws, the first pair of appendages with claws.

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10
Q

Mandibles

A

Jaws, a pair of jaw-like feeding appendages found in myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans.

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11
Q

Autotomy

A

the ability of an organism to drop a body part and regenerate a new one.

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12
Q

Pleopods

A

Abdominal appendages.

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13
Q

Cephalothorax

Clues:
Ceph = head

A

head and thorax fused together.

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14
Q

Operculum

A

Protective gill cover.

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15
Q

Pereopods

A

Walking legs of decapods.

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16
Q

What is a Buccal opening?

A

A buccal opening is an opening around the mouth where water and food enters.

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17
Q

Atrial siphon

A

A tube through which invertebrate chordates expel digestive and metabolic wastes.

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18
Q

Pharyngeal basket

Clues:
Phylum chordata

A

a feeding structure in sea squirts.

  • which is a type of pharyngeal gill formed into a mesh-like basket.
  • Cilia on the gill draw water into the mouth, through the basket mesh, and out the excurrent siphon.
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19
Q

Pinacoderm

A

the outer layer of the sponge body made up of pinacocytes.

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20
Q

Pinacocytes

A

thin, flat cells that line the outer surface of a sponge.

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21
Q

Porocytes

Pore = hole 
Cyte = Cell
A

Tubular cells
(The hole-like dents in sponges)
Function:
allows water to flow from the outside of the sponge to its central cavity.

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22
Q

Choanocytes/Collar cell

A

Collar cells inside the colony that filter feed.

- Have flagellum creating water currents.

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23
Q

Spicules

A

small fibres of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide that make up the primary skeleton structure of some sponges.

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24
Q

Mesohyl

A

a jelly-like fluid between the two layers (outer layer and inner layer) of cells (pinacocytes and choanocytes) of a sponge.

25
Q

Amoebocytes + its functions

A

Mobile cells that move around the mesohyl between the pinacocyte layer and choanocyte layer.

Functions:

  • Absorb food + Digest it
  • Transport of food particles to nonfeeding cells in the colony
  • Secrete spicules
  • Split in 2, to form eggs for sexual reproduction.
26
Q

Amoebocytes

A

Found in sponges, these cells are mobile and perform numerous functions, including reproduction, transport of food particles to nonfeeding cells, and secretion of material that forms the spicules. (Wandering cells)

27
Q

Osculum

A

The opening at the top of sponges where the water goes out (is expelled)

28
Q

Flagellum/Flagella

A

A hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.
- Water currents generated by beating flagella

29
Q

Cyte(s)

A

Cell(s)

30
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phage = eating / Cyte = cell
> Cell eating
A process in which particles get ingested and engulfed by amoebocytes.

31
Q

Budding

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from the parent organism.

32
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs.

33
Q

Dioecious

A

Having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals.

34
Q

Diploblastic

A

2 derm (skin) layers

35
Q

Mesoglea

A

A jelly-like substance between the inner layer and outer layer of cells in a cnidarian.
Layers, epidermis + gastrodermis.

36
Q

Nematocysts

A

An organelle consisting of a coiled, thread-like stinger that sits in its small capsule until triggered to pounce out and inject toxins into prey or predators.

37
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Stinging cells used in defense and capturing prey.

38
Q

Fission

A

A reproductive mode in Cnidarians.

39
Q

Triploblastic

A

3 derm layers.

  • Epiderm
  • Gastroderm
  • Mesoderm
40
Q

Cephalization

= Bilateral symmetry

A

The gathering of sensory organs and brain structures in the anterior region.
Ceph = head

41
Q

Stylets

A

Sharp, piercing organs in the mouth of Nemertians.

42
Q

Epitoky

A

a type of reproduction in some polychaetes.

Involves:
the production of a reproductive individual that is adapted for a free-swimming existence.

43
Q

Telson and Uropods

A

structures that make up the paddle-like tail of the crayfish.

44
Q

Pelagic

A

Organisms that live in the water column away from the ocean bottom.

45
Q

Maxilipeds

A

An appendage modified for feeding.

- Situated in pairs

46
Q

Dorsoventrally flattened

A

flattened from the top down.

Eg, flatworm

47
Q

Laterally compressed

A

a body that is flattened from side to side.

Eg, an angle fish

48
Q

Carina

A

A protective shield made out of calcareous (calcium carbonate)

49
Q

Stolon

A

An outgrowth of a sponge.

50
Q

Mantle

A

A thick epidermis that forms a body cavity.

Function:
to house the gills, nephridia (invert organ), and mantle cavity.

51
Q

Visceral mass

A

(Bag of guts) Housing all of the internal digestive organs.

52
Q

Muscular foot

A

Used for locomotion

53
Q

Radula

A

An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths.

54
Q

Cerata

Terms involved: 
Nudibranchs 
Defensive weapons 
Structure
External
A

An anatomical structure found externally in nudibranchs.

Functions:
as a gill and as a defensive weapon.

55
Q

Rhinophores

Clues:
Scent
Taste

A

Sensory tentacles

56
Q

Adductor muscles

A

are strong muscles that keep Bivalve shells hinged and held closed together.

57
Q

Pentamerous radial symmetry

A

Animals arranged into 5 (five) regions around an oral/aboral axis.

58
Q

Lophophore

A

The lophophore is a feeding organ of the Lophophorata species.

  • crown of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth.

Marine Studies 2021 (10 decks)

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