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AP Euro History > Italian Renaissance > Flashcards

Italian Renaissance Flashcards

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0
Q

Pope Julius II

A

Tore down St. Peter’s Basilica

Began work on new structure in 1506

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1
Q

Dominican friar Savonarola

A

Predicted French invasion
Sermons against paganism, materialism, un democratic gov, and corruption of Pope
Religious leader of Florence
Excommunicated and executed

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2
Q

“Renaissance Popes”

A

In likeness of monarchs
Had children and mistresses
Want wealth and power
Secular

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3
Q

Christine de Pizan

A

First feminist (1364-1430)
First published female author to get pay
Court writer and poet

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4
Q

Isabella d’Este

A

First Lady of the Renaissance
Patron of the arts
Mantua Duchess
Wanted black girl slave

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5
Q

Pico Della Mirandola

A

Florentine writer of On the Dignity of Man

Thought man was made in likeness of God and therefore possesses great dignity and no limits

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6
Q

Artemisia Gentileschi

A

Painted Judith Slaying Holofernes
Was raped by artist Tassi
Old Testament- Judith saved Israel by charming and killing Assyrian general…..trust in God

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7
Q

Converses

A

Jews forced to convert to Christianity
Hated by most Spanish
Attacked by inquisition

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8
Q

New Christians

A

Held royal power at Castile, controlled royal treasury, held high church positions
Held high public offices at Toledo ( married nobles) tax collectors, doctors
Self identified as Christians

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9
Q

Hermanades

A

Group given authority by Fer and Iz to act as police and judges in Spain
Ended in 1498 due to the groups use of violent and severe punishment

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10
Q

Renaissance

A

The cultural achievements of the 14-16C built from the economic and political developments of earlier centuries

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11
Q

Oligarchies

A 
Merchant aristocracies (Venice)
Constitutional 
Small elite class of wealthy merchants hold judicial, executive, and legislative power
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12
Q

Signori

A

Despots, one man rulers
Rulers pretend to observe law
Manipulate law to hide illegality
(Milan)

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13
Q

Communes

A

“Free men seeking independence from nobles” (NI cities)
Formed by merchant guilds
Regulated trade, raised taxes, kept civil order, maintained city walls
Citizenship dependent on property, years of residence, and social
Little held office
In Milan, Florence, Genoa, Siena, Pisa

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14
Q

Popolo

A

Excluded from government, heavily taxed….fought for equality in gov positions and taxation
Formed republic gov
Short lived power, no support
Denied poor, unskilled, and new immigrants
Couldn’t keep civil order

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15
Q

Humanism

A

Study of classics to understand human nature
“New learning”- Bruni
Emphasized human achievements and capabilities

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16
Q

Secularism

A

Concern with materialism and enjoying life
Brought by surviving Black Death
Pleasure of the senses
Art patrons

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17
Q

Individualism

A

Celebrating individual accomplishments and human potential

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18
Q

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

A

Makes royals superior to papacy
Royals can appoint archbishops and bishops, can take away Pope’s revenue
1438 by Charles VII

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19
Q

Quattrocento

A

Fourteenth century

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20
Q

View on artists

A

“Free intellectual workers” status improved
Worked for powerful costumers
Respected and rewarded
Portrayed as geniuses

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21
Q

Medieval view on artists

A 
Low-class
No value to originality
Painted religious scenes with little realism, color, depth, or demension
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22
Q

Michelangelo

A

Painted in Sistine Chapel, the last judgement
Sculpted David
Painted dome in St. Peter’s

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23
Q

Ghiberti

A

Chosen by Brunelleschi to paint baptistery doors of Florence Cathedral
Payed 200 florins a year

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24
Raphael
Painted Schools of Athens Included all Greek philosophers and thinkers Part of High Renaissance in Rome
25
Leonardo de Vinci
Listed in "company of Artists" 1472 Man- isolated figure with exceptional power Never was happy with art Wrote "Codex Atlanticus" Military engineer for Borgia and worked for Sfoza Painted Ginevra de Benci and Mona Lisa
26
Art patrons
Support art to show off wealth Self portraits painted Small elite class
27
Brunelleschi
Florentine cloth merchant | Built Florentine Cathedral dome of Duomo
28
Jan Van Eyck
Flemish painter in Bruges Oil-based paintings Love for detail and realism Painted Ghent Altarpiece and Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride
29
Printing Press
Created by Gutenberg, Fust, and Schöffer in 1454 Blocks with individual letters Publish Gutenberg's Bible
30
Movable printing press CONT....
Used by gov to announce war, publicize war accounts, make treaties- "psychological war" Propaganda Joining for causes, common identity More social events
31
New Monarchs
``` Louis XI (France), Henry VII (England), Ferdinand (Aragon) Suppressed any opposition (nobles) Used Justinian code (wants=law) Relied on middle class for tax Machiavellian ```
32
Reconstruction of France by Charles VII
Expelled English.....1453 Reconciled Burgundians and Armagnacs after 30 year civil war Gave power to middle class Tax on salt (gabelle) and on land (taille) Royal army
33
English Kings Henry VII and Henry VIII Gaining more power
Invaded Ireland and gained peace with Scotland when daughter marries king (1509) Won support of middle class through keeping peace Didn't use parliament
34
Star Chamber
Judicial English Court Used ideas of Roman law Accused can't see evidence Torture used for extraction
35
Ferdinand and Isabella | Regaining power
Reconstruct hermandades Revive royal council Allied with Pope Alex VI (can appoint bishops) Enter Granada on Jan 6, 1492 and end struggle with Arabs
36
Iberian Peninsula
Spain marries second daughter Johanna to archduke Phillip, heir of Holy Roman Empire Phillip II joins Portugal to crown in 1580 Unification
37
War of Roses
``` Ducal York and Lancaster civil war York-white Lancaster-red 1455-1471 Won by Yorks (Edward) Reconstruct monarchy ```
38
Castiglione | The Book of the Courtier
1528... Train, discipline, and fashion young men into gentlemen Men should have broad background Taught physically and spiritually Smart, athletic, poetic, musical, eloquent, artistic
39
Machiavelli | The Prince
1513...about power and how to gain and maintain...humans are selfish in nature Ruler should manipulate if needed Better to be feared than loved Gov should be effective and not restricted by morals Gov reflecting gods will is impossible Politics has own laws, is a science
40
Dante | Divine Comedy
``` Trilogy of poems 100 verses led by Roman Virgil Describes the realms of the next world: hell, purgatory, and paradise Hell-torture Purgatory- purification Paradise-angels and saints ```
41
Petrarch
Thought to be living in new age after Gothic/barbarian middle age Greco-Roman civilization First two centuries of Roman Empire were human peak German immigrants caused cultural break which lead to Dark ages
42
Laura Cereta
Humanist, highly educated Says knowledge is earned, not given as a gift Women strive not for good but to adorn themselves Women cause their own inferiority
43
Peter Paul Vergerio
Wrote "Ubertinus" Ruler of Carrara Education of children is a matter of the state and the best tudors should be chosen, reverence towards elders is an obligation, respect divinity
44
Lorenzo Valla
Wrote "On Pleasure"- secularism "On the False Donation of Constantine"- proves document giving papacy jurisdiction was forged Textual criticism- critiques old and sacred texts
45
Boccaccio | The Decameron
Describes ambitious merchants, greedy friars, and bored husbands Portrays acquisitive, sensual, and secular world Promotes enjoyment of wealth
46
Erasmus
``` Dutch humanist Love for Latin language and classics Influenced by John Colet 1499 Applies humanism to bible Wrote New Testament in Greek ```
47
The Praise of Folly | Erasmus
``` Education is key to reform Philosophy is Christ not Christianity (Sermon on the Mont) Core of education should come from the bible Want for simple faith Satire of worldly wisdom ```
48
Thomas More
Trained as lawyer Entered gov under Henry VIII- ambassador to Flanders Interested in classics Christian
49
Utopia | "No where"
Idealistic society is absolute social equality Buy off enemies Use silver and gold frequently Key to reform is through social institutions Private property promotes civil disorder
50
Christopher Marlowe
Play-writer Wrote Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta Paved way for Shakespeare
51
Copernicus
Polish astronomer Believed sun was the center of universe Ideas from Greek discussion in Renaissance Everything revolves around sun
52
Northern Renaissance
France, England, Germany More Christian in ways Interpreted classics into Christian meaning and combine with classics Stressed use of reason Human nature has been corrupted by sin, good by nature
53
North Renaissance Art
``` Attention to detail Realism and naturalism Landscapes, middle class and peasant life Perfected oil painting Everyday object symbolism Skilled in portraiture ```
54
City-States in Italy
Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples Genoa, Siena, Bologna, Pisa, Mantua, Modena, Ferrara
55
Florence
``` Ruled by Medici family Artistic and literacy Extreme wealth Inland city without easy sea access Wool industry from Yorkshire to Africa Mercantile families control papal and European banking Control politics and culture ```
56
Secular qualities
Many flaunted wealth with self portraits and black slaves More concern with interest rates, shipping routes, and personal cost Social climbers More money-more comfort
57
Crises in 14C
King Edward III of England denies debt to bankers in 1344 Black Death Labor unrest Ciompi revolts in 1378
58
Power families
Medici (Florence), S'foza (Milan), Borgia (Papal States)
59
End of Italian Renaissance
Ask for help
60
Homosexuality
Terms- sodomy and acts against nature More male oriented Adult males seeking young boys Outlawed in Siena (1425), Venice (1496) and in Florence (1415, 1418, 1432, 1494, and 1542)
61
Office of the Night
1432-1502 Married older men look nightly for acts of sodomy Punish those caught
62
Black slaves
``` Imported by Portugal Traded by King of Congo for weapons an goods In high demand Worked in various position 4,000 slaves per year by 1530 Used to display wealth and show off ```
63
Women in Upper Class
Decrease in sexual status Were often raped Were to stay home, entertain guests, take care of and educated household, reproduce Were educated
64
Working Class Women
Jobs in textile industry Suzanne Erkur managed silver mint at Kutmá Conducted ferry service at Lyons Many slaves from Dubronvik
65
War in Italy 15C
Venice in war against Milan and Florence....Venice protesting Sfozas acquisition to duchy 1450-1452 Venice gets land, Sfoza gets title
66
Naples dispute
Fought over by Aragon and French, Aragon wins 1435
67
Medici
In power in Florence Banking family Money earned by loans and investments
68
Ship development
Sail year long Increased volume of goods Accelerated speed
69
Florentine Wool Industry
Italian merchants buy wool for Yorkshire and transport to North Africa
70
Princely courts
Space and personnel around prince Art patrons Ceremonial Display of wealth and power
71
Pope Alexander VI
Aids militarily and politically to Papal States | Has papal authority
72
Cesare Borgia
Machiavellian | Unites peninsula by conquering
73
French invasion of 1494
Florence and Naples against Milan, Milan calls on France for help Charles VIII of France overtakes Florence, Rome, and Naples Medici exiled Republic restored
74
League of Cambrai
Created by Louis XII of France Joins Pope and Maximilian of Germany 1508
75
Pope Leo X
Allies with Spain and Germany to expel French | Short success
76
Habsburg Valois Wars
1521 France returns to Italy Takes Rome in 1527
77
Unification of Italy
1870
78
Autobiographies
Made by St. Augustine, Peter Abelard, and Guibert of Nogent | Discourages by Christians
79
Pope Nicholas V
Recovers 9,000 manuscripts and puts in Vatican library
80
Usury
Lending with interest | Now accepted and used with the church
81
Middle Age Society
Organized by war Wealthy bought weapons City nobles in control
82
Renaissance art
``` Human form in natural way Narrative Classic references Use of light and darn Freestanding statues Religious- Madonna, Chrisr Sfumato and foreshortening ```
83
Charles V
Art patron | Picked up Titians paintbrush
84
Pope Sylvester II
Built first mechanical clock in west
85
Louis XI
``` Traitorous Cut into urban independence Invaded Burgundy in 1477 Gains Anjou, Bar, Maine, and Provence Treaties with England and Protugal ```
86
Concordat of Bologna
Pope gets first year of bishops income French crown can choose rulers Agreement between Francis I and Pope Leo X
87
Reconquista
Wants to convert Muslims and Jews | Wants political power of South
88
Inquisition
Started by Pope Sixtus IV in November 1478 and September 28, 1480 Punished converted Jews Used to politically unify Keeps Catholic faith by torture and extraction

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