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Physio > IX > Flashcards

IX Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the reflex arc start and end?

A

Starts at the sensory receptors and ends in the effector organ

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2
Q

What are the major components of a reflex arc?

5

A

1 receptor (transducer)
2 afferent neuron and its axon (sensory nerve - input signal)
3 synapses in the CNS (central process unit)
4 efferent neurons and its axon (motor nerve - output signal)
5 target organ (effector organ)

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3
Q

What happens if any component of the reflex arc is malfunctioning?

A

The expected reflex response does not occur

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4
Q

Two different locations of receptor?

A

Proprioceptive and exteroceptive

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5
Q

What are proprioceptive reflexes?

A

Spinal reflexes where the receptors are in the organ (muscle) that represents the effector response

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6
Q

Are proprioceptive reflexes monosynaptic or polysynaptic

A

Monosynaptic (afferent nerve ends directly on the efferent nerve)

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7
Q

How long does the proprioceptive response last?

A

No longer than the stimulus

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8
Q

Does the proprioceptive stimulus cause fatigue?

A

No

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9
Q 
Knee jerk reflex
Stimulation
Muscle
Afferent and efferent nerve 
Segments of spinal cord
Normal reaction
A 
Tapping patellar tendon
M. Quadriceps femoris
N. Femoralis
L4
The leg extends
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10
Q 
Ankle jerk reflex
Stimulation
Muscle
Afferent and efferent nerve 
Segments of spinal cord
Normal reaction
A 
Tapping Achilles’ tendon 
M. Gastrocnemius, m. Soleus 
N. Tibialis
S1
Stretching ankle, plantar tendon
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11
Q 
Triceps reflex
Stimulation
Muscle
Afferent and efferent nerve 
Segments of spinal cord
Normal reaction
A 
Tapping tricep tendon just above elbow
M. Triceps brachii 
N. Radialis 
C6-7
Stretching elbow
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12
Q 
Biceps reflex 
Stimulation
Muscle
Afferent and efferent nerve 
Segments of spinal cord
Normal reaction
A 
Tapping the biceps tendon, above the elbow bend
M. Biceps brachii
N. Musculocutanous
C5-6
Flexion of elbow
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13
Q

What is exteroceptive reflex?

A

Receptor located outside of effector organ (e.g. receptor in skin, effector is muscle)

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14
Q

How does the stimulus reach the motor pathways?

A

Through several inhibitory or excitatory interneurons

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15
Q

Is the exteroceptive reflect monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

A

Polysynaptic, long latency period

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16
Q

How fast is the response, does the exteroceptive reflex fatigue?

A

Slow response, does fatigue

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17
Q

The exteroceptive reflexes are mainly …?

A

Nociceptive (pain)

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18
Q 
Panniculus reflex
Stimulation
Muscle
Afferent and efferent nerve 
Segments of spinal cord
Normal reaction
A 
Scratching skin in abd region
Skin muscles 
Nn. Cutanei trunci
C2-T1
Contraction of skin muscles
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19
Q 
Flexor reflex and crossed extensor reflex
Stimulation
Muscle
Afferent and efferent nerve 
Segments of spinal cord
Normal reaction
A

Scratching the pads
Flexors of ipsilateral, extensors of the contralateral legs
Sensor and motor neurons of the fingers
C5-T1
L5-S1
Bending fingers and the leg, extension of contralateral side

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20
Q

Corneal reflex
Stimulation
Afferent and efferent nerve
Normal reaction

A

Touching the cornea
Aff N. Trigeminus
Eff N. Facialis
Blink the eye

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21
Q

Menace reflex
Stimulation
Afferent and efferent nerve
Normal reaction

A

Moving hand abruptly toward the eye
Aff n. Opticus
Eff n. Oculomotorius
Blink eye, move head away

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22
Q

Direct pupillary light reflex
Stimulation
Afferent and efferent nerve
Normal reaction

A

Shining a penlight into one of the eyes
Aff. N. Opticus
Eff. N. oculomotorius
Contraction of ipsilateral pupil

23
Q

Consensual (indirect) pupillary light reflex
Stimulation
Afferent and efferent nerve
Normal reaction

A

Shining a penlight into one of the eyes
Aff N. Opticus
Eff. N. Oculomotorius
Construction of contralateral pupil

24
Q

Auditory reflex
Stimulation
Afferent and efferent nerve
Normal reaction

A

Loud noise
Aff. N. Vestibulocochlearis
Eff. All head and neck motor nerves
Move head and eyes away

25
Q

What does muscle stretch activate?

A

Nuclear bag and nuclear chain receptors in the intrafusal muscle fibers

26
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Groups of intrafusal fibers and the nerves belonging to them, encapsulated

27
Q

What happens when the muscle spindle is stimulated (stretched)?

A

A sensory impulse is generated to the spinal cord via neurons fibers type Ia and II

28
Q

Neurons fibers type Ia and II make what type of connection with the alpha motor neurons?

A

Excitatory, monosynaptic connection

29
Q

What happens if the alpha motor neurons are activated?

A

Brief rapid contraction of the same muscle

30
Q

What is the potential difference in a neuronal resting cell between the IC and EC space?

A

-50 to -100 mV (resting potential)

31
Q

What happens if the cell is stimulated with impulses of low intensity?

A

Local depolarization

32
Q

What happens if the depolarization reaches the threshold level?

A

The voltage gated sodium channels open and an action potential is elicited and propagated

33
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

Once the threshold voltage is reached, the amplitude of the AP is constant, regardless of the stimulus intensity

34
Q

Phases of AP

4

A 
Depolarization (Na channels open for .5 sec)
Overshoot (pos charged IC)
Repolarization (potassium efflux)
Post hyperpolarization (neg charged IC)
35
Q

What happens with the AP if there is stronger stimulus?

A

More frequent AP

36
Q

What happens with the AP if a stimuli of gradually increasing intensity is applied?

A

No AP even above threshold

37
Q

What is accommodation?

A

After Na-channels are opened by depol., they are inactivated

38
Q

What is accumulation?

A

High frequency sub-threshold stimuli can induce an AP

39
Q

What is rheobase?

A

The minimal stimulus intensity that just generates an AP after being applied for a very long time

40
Q

What is chronaxie?

A

Minimal duration necessary to elicit an AP if the stimulus strength is twice the rheobase

41
Q

What does the chronaxie give information about and what is it suitable for?

A

Strength and duration of stimulus, suitable for characterizing the function of excitable tissues

42
Q

Do different nerve fibers that make up a nerve have same or different threshold potentials?

A

Different

43
Q

CAP

A

Compound action potential

44
Q

First CAP wave:
Increased CAP:
Further increasing of CAP

A

1 stimulus intensity just exceeded threshold of sensitive fiber
2 intensity increased, CAP reaches a maximum
3 after max, the supramaximal stimulus intensity still doesn’t give further responses

45
Q

What happens if a nerve is stimulated with twin stimuli and the interval between the pulses decreases

A

The second stimulus will not elicit maximal CAP because more and more nerve cells in the nerve fibers will be in their refractory period

46
Q

What factor determines if we have monophasic or biphasic CAP?

A

Distance between electrodes

47
Q

Define local response

A

Decreasing magnitude of potential charge due to physical processes

48
Q

Name of fibers leading impulse from organ to spinal cord?

A

Neuron fibres type Ia and II

49
Q

Explain repolarization

A

Positive charge decreases inside the cell

50
Q

In which period do you have absolute refractory period?

A

Period before repolarization where the CAP disappears

51
Q

Frequency coding?

A

Stronger stimulus, more frequent AP

52
Q

Receptors in intrafusal muscle

A

Nuclear chain receptors and bag receptors

53
Q

Which channel opens during repolarization?

A

Potassium

54
Q

Give the most characteristic features of non-myelinated impulse transmission

A

AP propagates step by step, a channel activates immediately the adjacent one

Physio (9 decks)

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