KEY Flashcards by user delete

Inheritance of haemophilia

X linked recessive

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haemophilllia A

factor VIII deficiency

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haemophillia B

factor IX deficiency

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inheritance of cystic fibrosis

autosomal recessive

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genetics of trisomy 14

errors of chromosomal separation (non disjunction)

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What is meant by mosaic?

some cells contain the extra chromosome while others are normal

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Downs syndrome?

trisomy 21

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what is chromosome translocation?

chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangements between non homologous chromosomes

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What is meant by balanced and unbalanced translocation?

an even exchange of information

uneven exchange of information resulting in extra or missing genes

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Cause of downs syndrome extra 21 chromosome?

non disjunction (failure of 21st chromosome to separate in egg or sperm)
or robertsonian translocation

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main neurotransmitter involved in sleep?

melatonin

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treatment of cervical cancer stage 2?

chemoradiation (cisplatin)

surgery

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what is stage 2 cervical cancer?

cancer has spread outside the cervix

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what does prothrombin time measure and when is it used?

warfarin
extrinsic pathway
I/fibrinogen, II/prothrombin, V, VII, X

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what does APTT measure and when is it used?

un fractioned heparin
intrinsic pathway
I/fibrinogen, II/prothrombin, V, VIII, IX, X

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formation of fibrin clot?

TF/VIIa initiates
V/Xa - prothrombin to thrombin- fibrin to fibrinogen
VIII/IXaamplified by thrombin

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what are the vit k dependent clotting factors?

II(prothrombin), VII, IX, and proteins C, S

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What is stage 1B ovarian Ca?

tumour limited to both ovaries

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How do you treat stage 1B ovarian Ca?

salpingo oopherectomy and hysterectomy

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what are the treatments for advanced ovarian Ca?

surgery and chemo

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reed sternbergs cells?

hodgekins lymphoma

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radial nerve damage?

humerous fracture
wrist drop
loss of sensation in back of hand except little finger and half of ring (ulnar)

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median nerve damage?

injuries to forearm
loss of ability to abduct and oppose the thumb- ape hand deformity
sensory loss in thumb to half of ring finger

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Axiliary nerve damage?

during shoulder dislocation

loss of sensation in badge area

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philadelphia chromosome?

reciprocal translocation between chromosome 22 and 9. new material on 22 codes for a tyrosine kinase signalling protein that causes the cell to divide uncontrollably seen in CML

syndenhams chorea?

rapid uncoordinated jerky movements primarily in hands face and feet results from childhood infection of Group A strep resulting 6 months after

What is lie?

relationship of fetal longitudinal axis to longitudinal axis of uterus longitudinal transverse oblique

What is presentation?

leading part presenting into pelvis

What is the vertex?

part of the fetal head lined by ant and post frontanelles and parietal emnences

what is the position?

position of the presenting part in relation to mother | OA, OP

what is the station?

location of presenting part in birth canal-5 to -1 above imaginary line at ischial spines 1 to 5 below

What is engagement?

when the widest leading part has passed through pelvic inlet

Parts 1, 2 and 3 of labour?

1- onset to full dilation 10cm 2- full dilation to delivery of fetus 3- delivery of placenta

Key things to look for on a partogram?

deaccelerations: early- physiological- as contraction happens HR decreases due to squeezing of fetal head and stimulation of the parasympa late- pathological- HR slows a few seconds after contraction may have overcompensatory increase after beat to beat variability: > 5secs normal moving accelerations: baby moving in womb >15 normal

normal fetal HR?

110-150

Fetal tachycardia and late deaccelerations. 6cm dilated. Management?

fetal blood sample to look for hypoxia. If hypoxic pH will be less than 7.3 which warrants a c section

6cm dilating and not progressing management?

syntocinon infusion and re-examin in 4hrs | if this fails to pregress labour C section

When is forceps delivery appropriate?

mother fully dilated and no progress even after syntocinon

gram negative

pink

woman with hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia and skin pigmentation changes

Addisons

side effect of iron

makes stools black

ALL key features?

young

treatment of CML?

imatinib

What is adenomyosis?

endometriosis in myometrium

Thrush treatment?

FUNGUS NOT STI. WHITE ITCHY DISCHARGE. VULVOVAGINAL SWAB topical clotrimazole oral fluconazole

BV treatment?

BACTERIAL- GARDERELLA VAGINALIS IMBALANCE NOT STI. CLUE CELLS. FISHY WATERY DISCHARGE. VULVOVAGINAL SWAB metronidazole

prostatitis treatment?

BACTERIAL FOLLOWING STI ciproflaxin 28 days trimethoprim if c.diff risk

Chlamydia treatment?

BACTERIA STI. DOES NOT GRAM STAIN. NAAT & PCR. VULVOVAGINAL SWAB. azithromycin 1g or doxycline 7days

Gonorrhoea treatment?

BACTERIA STI. GRAM -VE DIPLOCOCCUS. PURULENT DISCHARGE. FIRST PASS URINE NAAT & PCR. IM ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin

Syphilis treatment?

BACTERIA STI. TREPONEMA PALLIDUM- spirochaete organism. DOES NOT GRAM STAIN. SWAB & PCR EARLY LESION. SEROLOGICAL BLOOD TESTS- disease activities and identify ABs Long acting penicillin

Genital warts treatment?

clinical diagnosis cryotherapy podophyllotoxin cream

Trichomonas Vaginalis treatment?

PARASITE. GREEN DISCHARGE VULVOVAGINAL SWAB. | Metronidazole

What are the four main medicines in end of life care and what are they for?

morphine (pain/SOB) midazolam (distress) ledomepromazine (nausea) buscopan (resp secretions)

right upper quadrant pain radiating to shoulder tip?

cholecysistis

investigation in elderly with anemia?

sigmoid colonscopy endoscopy (Checking for chronic bleeds)

CML and CLL seen in what age group classically?

Adults

how do you treat pneumocytis pneumonia?

co-trimoxazole

how do you treat TB?

RIPE | Isoniazid if latent

reduces inhibition?

levodopa

diarrhoaea and progressive ascending weakness?

guillain barre

battle sign behind ears

fracture of mastoid process of temporal bone/ middle cranial fossa

racoon/panda eyes

fracture of ant cranial fossa

high stepping gait and rombergs positive

cervical myelpathy

treatment of hypertensive crisis

phentolamine infusion

statin avoid with

grapefruit juice

metronidizole avoid with

alcohol

warfarinavoid with

cranberry

what happens with warfarin and amioderone?

amioderone potentiates effect of anticoagulant

avoid statin and

clarithromycin

clacium and thyroxine cause

decreased absorption from gut

warfarin and nsaid cause?

bleeds (not low dose aspirin)

digoxin and verapamil cause

digoxin toxicity

fluocetie and phenelzine cause?

serotonin syndrome - hyperthermia, tremor

what is priapism ass. with

sickle cell disease

gum infiltration | bilobed large mononuclear cells

AML

smudge cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes, small mature lymphocytes

CLL

VWD

prolonged bleeding and APTT

IgM paraprotein

waldenstorms macroglobulinaemia

raised esr and osteoporosis

myeloma until proven other wise

KEY Flashcards

(79 cards)