Kidney Anatomy

Question 1

kidney height

Answer 1

Left kidney T12-L3,

Right Kidney L1-L4

Question 2

passage of urine

Answer 2

collecting tubule (in renal pyramid)
papillary ducts (these converge at renal papilla)
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter

Question 3

ureters junctions

Answer 3

pelvoureteric junction (PUJ)
pelvic inlet/brim
vesicoureteric junction (VUJ)

3 places commonly blocked

e.g. by kidney stone. RULE OF THUMB
whenever theres blockage of flow- high chance of getting infection

Question 4

hilum

Answer 4

veins at front
artery at back
ureters middle ish bw the arteries …

Question 5

nutcracker syndrome

Answer 5

the sma squeezes
down on left renal
vien (like a nutcracker)
and so blood is trying
to go out to ivc 
but cant
get back flow
build up of pressure in 
left kidney, get micro
aneurysms bursting
and thats why u get
blood in urine
aka haematuria.
theres also lots
of pressue in 
left gonadal vein
makeing panpiniform
plexus distended
get varicocele in testes
(shine light, see little worms, thats the panpiniform plexus )

Question 6

arterial supply of kidney

Answer 6

renal artery
segmental arteries.
each segmental arteries splits to become 1-2 interlobular arteries
each interlobular artery goes to each renal column n split into 2 arcuate arteries
arcuate arteries arch around renal pyramid

arcuate branches off heaps of little arteries called interlobular (cortical radiate) arteries

Question 7

cortical nephron

Answer 7

more common
short loops of henle that extend into the outer medulla
efferent arterioles give rise to peritubular cappillaries

Question 8

juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 8

less common
longer loops of henle that extend into inner medulla
efferent arteriole gives rise to peritubular arteries that, at the loop of henle, become vasa recta . vasa recta do countercurrent exchange

Question 9

innervation of kidney

Answer 9

para innervation coming from above and below (hypogastric plexus at bottom n vagal trunks somewhere….)
sympa is coming from the sides (sympa chains t10-L1) and from thoracic region (splanchnic nerve)

Question 10

blood supply to adrenal glands

Answer 10

inferior phrenic artery

superior, middle and infererior suprarenal arteries

Question 11

nephron parts

Answer 11

renal corpuscle: bowmans cap + glom
renal tubules: PCT, Loop of H, DCT

collecting tubule not part of nephron

Question 12

Uriniferous Tubule

Answer 12

nephron+ collecting tubule

Question 13

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus -3 types of cells

Answer 13

Macula densa cells
Juxtaglomerular cells
Extraglomerular mesangial
cells

Question 14

MACULA DENSA CELLS

Answer 14

cells part of distal tubule that come in close contact with afferetn n efferent arteriole

sense chanages in Na level in urine to regulate GFR

Question 15

Juxtaglomerular cells:

Answer 15

cells in mosty in AFFERENT (n little in efferent) arterioles
secrete renin

Question 16

Extraglomerular mesangial

cells

Answer 16

in triangle space and around the glom capillariy as well
contractile (can respond to ang 2, NO etc) and
phagocytic properties

Question 17

glomerulus

so layers from outside to inside

Answer 17

1. bowman’s capsule-made of parietal epithelial cells
2. glomerular space
3. inner layer of bowman’s capsule - visceral epithelial cells - podocytes
4. glomerular basement membrane
5. endothelial layer of capillaries